Socio-spatial differentiation and public accessibility of urban spaces in the post-transformational city: case study Saint-Petersburg

In present-day Saint-Petersburg socio-spatial differentiation can be observed in various morphological post-transformational urban zones, but has not yet led to full-fledged special polarization or segregation. At the same time, the extent of socio-spatial differentiation varies in morphologically different urban housing types and can only be understood on the basis of the historical context and residents’ preferences. In order to understand their impact on socio-spatial differentiation of various urban areas more concretely, two studies were conduc- ted (one in 2007, another in 2009) with the participation of the authors of the present contribution. The results of these studies, which are based on two different samples of model zones or building types in Saint-Petersburg, showed that residents’ preferences were driving socio-spatial differentiation or segregation both on a microscopic (for example, closed staircases in an open court with otherwise open staircases) and macroscopic scale (for example, closed suburban settlements or new high-rise buildings). The degree to which this segregation is spatially implemented depends on the income levels of residents and, of course, strongly correlates with real estate prices. No other significant drivers of socio-spatial differentiation or segregation have been identified, besides a desire by wealthier city residents to increase the security of person and property. No other significant drivers of such tendencies have been identified. For example, no mentionable correlation between the degree of commercial activity and the proportion of closed vs. publicly accessible spaces was discovered. Further research is proposed in order to better understand the impact of recent legislation on socio-spatial differentiation in Saint-Petersburg.Im heutigen Sankt Petersburg kann die sozialräumliche Differenzierung in verschiedenen morphologischen posttransformativen städtischen Zonen beobachtet werden, was bisher jedoch nicht zu einer vollständigen speziellen Polarisierung oder Segregation geführt hat. Gleichzeitig unterscheidet sich das Ausmaß der sozialräumlichen Differenzierung in morphologisch unterschiedlichen urbanen Wohnformen und kann nur im historischen Kontext und auf der Grundlage der Präferenzen der Anwohner verstanden werden. Um ihren Einfluss auf die sozialräumliche Differenzierung verschiedener urbaner Gebiete besser verstehen zu können, wurden zwei Studien unter der Mitarbeit der Autoren des vorliegenden Beitrags durchgeführt (die eine 2007, die andere 2009). Das Ergebnis dieser Studien, welche sich auf zwei unterschiedliche Beispiele von Mustergebieten bzw. -gebäudetypen in Sankt Petersburg stützen, zeigt, dass die Antriebskraft für eine sozialräumliche Differenzierung oder Segregation im Mikrokontext einerseits (z.B. geschlossenes Treppenhaus in einem offenen Hof, der sonst offene Treppen hat) und im Makrokontext andererseits (z.B. ein abgeschlossenes urbanes Wohnviertel oder neue Hochhäuser) die Präferenzen der Anwohner waren. Der Grad, in dem diese Segregation räumlich umgesetzt wird, hängt von den Einkommensverhältnissen der Anwohner ab und steht selbstverständlich in engem Zusammenhang mit den Immobilienpreisen. Außer dem Wunsch wohlhabenderer Stadtbewohner, die persönliche Sicherheit und die Sicherheit ihres Eigentums besser zu gewährleisten, konnten keine weiteren nennenswerten Antriebskräfte sozialräumlicher Differenzierung oder Segregation ausfindig gemacht werden. So konnte beispielsweise kein nennenswerter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Grad der Geschäftstätigkeit und dem Verhältnis zwischen abgeschlossenen und öffentlich zugänglichen Räumen ausgemacht werden. Für ein besseres Verständnis der Auswirkungen neuester gesetzgeberischer Vorschriften auf sozialräumliche Differenzierung in Sankt Petersburg werden weitere Untersuchungen diesbezüglich vorgeschlagen

The evaluation of the antioxidant enzyme’s activity and activity of anaerobic glycolysis’ enzymes under gradual temperature increase in Baikal amphipod species Eulimnogammаrus marituji, E. maackii and Gmelinoides fasciatus

The aim of present study was the evaluation of the antioxidant enzyme’s activity and activity of anaerobic glycolysis enzymes under gradual temperature increase in Baikal amphipods species Eulimnogammarus marituji (Baz., 1945), E. maackii (Gerstf, 1858) and Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebb., 1899). In all species under gradual temperature increase exposition elevation of peroxidase’ activity was observed. Activities of catalase’, glutathione S – transferase’ and lactate dehydrogenase’ activity in E. marituji andE. maacki were differed from G. fasciatus. It was proposed that changes in the antioxidant enzyme’s activity and activity of anaerobic glycolysis enzymes in Baikal amphipods may contribute to increasing of glycolytic processes functional efficiency and keeping of energetic homeostasis in endemic organisms

The Transformation of Urban Space in Post-Soviet Russia

In the years since 1989, the societies of Russia and Eastern Europe have undergone a remarkable transformation from socialism to democracy and free market capitalism. Making an important contribution to the theoretical literature of urbanism and post-communist transition, this significant book considers the change in the spatial structure of post-Soviet urban spaces since the period of transition began. It argues that the era of transformation can be considered as largely complete, and that this has given way to a new stage of development as part of the global urban and economic system: post-transformation. The authors examine the modern trends in the urban development of western and post-socialist countries, and explore the theories of the transformation and post-transformation of urban space. Providing a wealth of detailed qualitative research on the Russian city of St. Petersburg, the study examines the changing structure of its retail trade and services sector. Overall, this book is an important step forward in the study of the spatial dynamics of urban transformation in the former communist world

Spatial organisation of the new forms of e-grocery and ready-made food trade in a large Russian city

This work aims to identify fundamentally new features in the spatial organization of e-grocery and ready-made food trade in a Russian city, distinct from those typical of traditional food retail enterprises. Focusing on St Petersburg, the article describes the emergence of a completely different system of requirements imposed by new forms of online food retail in the space of a large Russian city, compared with traditional industries and retail organization methods. The spatial and temporal parameters of the new shopping model are considered, and a comparative analysis of its spatial competition with already established models is presented. The spatial organization of new online food retail is demonstrated in the context of the placement system of new types of offline objects, the emergence of new flows, their impact on urban development and the effect on the outdoor and transit advertising markets, as well as on the labor market. Based on this analysis, it is concluded that new-type physical objects such as distribution warehouses, warehouse stores (fulfilment centres) and dot-com objects are placed according to entirely different principles. If the location of a service point is no longer a competitive advantage as seen by the buyer, faster delivery, hidden from the consumer, emerges as a critical factor in new competition. The paper also analyses the significance of spatial organization principles associated with this factor

Chiral Molecular Tweezers: Synthesis and Reactivity in Asymmetric Hydrogenation

We report the synthesis and reactivity of a chiral aminoborane displaying both rapid and reversible H-2 activation. The catalyst shows exceptional reactivity in asymmetric hydrogenation of enamines and unhindered imines with stereoselectivities of up to 99% ee. DFT analysis of the reaction mechanism pointed to the importance of both repulsive steric and stabilizing intermolecular non-covalent forces in the stereodetermining hydride transfer step of the catalytic cycle

Small HSPs molecular weights as new indication to the hypothesis of segregated status of thermophilic relict Gmelinoides fasciatus among baikal and palearctic amphipods

Among the great diverse of Baikal fauna of amphipods (more than 350 species and subspecies) Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebbing 1899) takes the special place. It is characterized by a high morphological variability and wide thermal-adaptive possibilities. By common opinion G. fasciatus is a thermophilic relict segregated from other Baikal temperature sensitive amphipods' fauna. In present study we tested hypothesis of segregated status of G. fasciatus among some Baikal and some Palearctic amphipods using of heat-shock proteins’ (HSP) molecular weight as comparative biomarkers. We used heat-shock proteins (HSP) from two families: HSP70 and small HSP (sHSP) immunochemically related to α-crystalline. 15 species of Baikal amphipods from different genera and families and 2 Palearctic species from genus Gammarus were tested. It was shown, that molecular weights of HSP70 were the same in all investigated species and corresponds close to 70 kD. In the contrast, the molecular weights of sHSP in G. fasciatus was 37 kD and differed from all other species, in which molecular weights of sHSP were 35 kD. In sum, this study showed that sHSPs molecular weights may relate to evolutional differences between the close related species. Additionally, obtained data can be taken as new indication of segregated status of thermophilic relict G. fasciatus which linked with its phylogenetic history in Lake Baikal

A Salt Metathesis Route To Ruthenium Carbene Complex Isomers With Pyridine Dicarboxamide-Derived Chelate Pincer Ligands

Reaction of the doubly deprotonated pyridine 2,6-dicarboxamido ligand (1) with (PCy_3)_2Cl_2 Ru=CHPh (3a) in THF gave a mixture of (lig)(PCy_3)Ru=CHPh isomers (4). The pentane soluble N,N,O-4 isomer was isolated by extraction and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The O,N, O-4 isomer was identified in the residue. Single crystals of the closely related complex (lig)(NHC) Ru=CHPh, O,N,O-5, were obtained from the reaction of 1 with (NHC)(PCy_3)Cl_2Ru=CHPh (3b) and used for the X-ray crystal structure analysis of the system

Accretion and Structure of Radiating Disks

We studied a steadily accreting, geometrically thick disk model that selfconsistently takes into account selfgravitation of the polytropic gas, its interaction with the radiation and the mass accretion rate. The accreting mass is injected inward in the vicinity of the central $z=0$ plane, where also radiation is assumed to be created. The rest of the disk remains approximately stationary. Only conservation laws are employed and the gas-radiation interaction in the bulk of the disk is described in the thin-gas approximation. We demonstrate that this scheme is numerically viable and yields a structure of the bulk that is influenced by the radiation and (indirectly) by the prescribed mass accretion rate. The obtained disk configurations are typical for environments in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), with the central mass of the order of 10^7 M_{\astrosun} to 10^8 M_{\astrosun}, quasi-Keplerian rotation curves, disk masses ranging from about 10^6 M_{\astrosun} to 10^7 M_{\astrosun}, and the luminosity ranging from 10^6 L_{\astrosun} to 10^9 L_{\astrosun}. These luminosities are much lower than the corresponding Eddington limit.Comment: Changes according to the version accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysic