56 research outputs found
European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part II: pharmacological treatment
To develop a European guideline on pharmacologic treatment of Tourette syndrome (TS) the available literature was thoroughly screened and extensively discussed by a working group of the European Society for the Study of Tourette syndrome (ESSTS). Although there are many more studies on pharmacotherapy of TS than on behavioral treatment options, only a limited number of studies meets rigorous quality criteria. Therefore, we have devised a two-stage approach. First, we present the highest level of evidence by reporting the findings of existing Cochrane reviews in this field. Subsequently, we provide the first comprehensive overview of all reports on pharmacological treatment options for TS through a MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE search for all studies that document the effect of pharmacological treatment of TS and other tic disorders between 1970 and November 2010. We present a summary of the current consensus on pharmacological treatment options for TS in Europe to guide the clinician in daily practice. This summary is, however, rather a status quo of a clinically helpful but merely low evidence guideline, mainly driven by expert experience and opinion, since rigorous experimental studies are scarce
An endogenous nanomineral chaperones luminal antigen and peptidoglycan to intestinal immune cells.
In humans and other mammals it is known that calcium and phosphate ions are secreted from the distal small intestine into the lumen. However, why this secretion occurs is unclear. Here, we show that the process leads to the formation of amorphous magnesium-substituted calcium phosphate nanoparticles that trap soluble macromolecules, such as bacterial peptidoglycan and orally fed protein antigens, in the lumen and transport them to immune cells of the intestinal tissue. The macromolecule-containing nanoparticles utilize epithelial M cells to enter Peyer's patches, small areas of the intestine concentrated with particle-scavenging immune cells. In wild-type mice, intestinal immune cells containing these naturally formed nanoparticles expressed the immune tolerance-associated molecule 'programmed death-ligand 1', whereas in NOD1/2 double knockout mice, which cannot recognize peptidoglycan, programmed death-ligand 1 was undetected. Our results explain a role for constitutively formed calcium phosphate nanoparticles in the gut lumen and show how this helps to shape intestinal immune homeostasis
Phytochemical studies and effect on urine volume of <i>Glossostemon bruguieri </i>Desf. constituents
186-189Two new flavonoids, takakin 7-O-glucoside
(1) and bucegin 7-O-glucoside (2), and six other known
compounds (3-8), takakin, isosctullarien, its 7-O-glucoside, takakin
8-O-glucoside, xanthotoxin and esculetin, were separated and identified from
Glossostemon bruguieri. The new compounds were characterized using modern
spectroscopic techniques, including UV spectroscopy, proton nuclear resonance (1HNMR),
carbon thirteen nuclear resonance (13C NMR), homomolecular quantum coherance
(HMQC), heteromolecular bonding connectivity (HMBC) and chemical ionization mass
spectra (CI). The effect on rats urine volume of the plant powder, its ethanolic
extract, (500 mg kg-1) along with four of the purified compounds (1,4-6),
( 100 mg kg-1) are described. Eight groups of albino rats (200-300 g
body weight) (n=5 for each group) were used in the tests for a one-time treatment
, and other seven groups (150-180 g body weight) (n=5 for each group) were tested
using the same dose with repeated administration for 15 days. The rat sera were
collected and used to determine liver and kidney functions based on alanine
amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) for both single
and repeated administration. Levels of urea, creatinine and uric acid were
determined for both sets of experiments. The toxic effects of both the powder and
its alcoholic extract were also studied on mice to determine their LD50,
both materials proved to be non-toxic up to 2500 mg kg-1 body
weight
The use of botulinum toxin A in children with cerebral palsy, with a focus on the lower limb
Purpose The purpose of this review is to clarify the role
of botulinum toxin serotype A (BTX-A) in the treatment of
children with cerebral palsy (CP), with a special focus on
the lower limb.
Background The treatment of spasticity is central in the
clinical management of children with CP. BTX-A blocks
the release of acetylcholine at the motor end plate, causing
a temporary muscular denervation and, in an indirect way,
a reduced spasticity. Children with increased tone develop
secondary problems over time, such as muscle contractures
and bony deformities, which impair their function and
which need orthopaedic surgery. However in these younger
children, delaying surgery is crucial because the results of
early surgical interventions are less predictable and have a
higher risk of failure and relapse. As BTX-A treatment
reduces tone in a selective way, it allows a better motor
control and muscle balance across joints, resulting in an
improved range of motion and potential to strengthen
antagonist muscles, when started at a young age. The
effects are even more obvious when the correct BTX-A
application is combined with other conservative therapies,
such as physiotherapy, orthotic management and casts.
There is now clear evidence that the consequences of
persistent increased muscle tone can be limited by applying
an integrated multi-level BTX-A treatment approach.
Nevertheless, important challenges such as patient selection, defining appropriate individual goals, timing, dosing and dilution, accuracy of injection technique and how to measure outcomes will be questioned. Therefore, ‘‘reflection is more important than injection’’ remains an actual statement.status: publishe
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