Rift-margin extensional forced folds and salt tectonics in the eastern Basque-Cantabrian rift basin (western Pyrenees)

In this paper we present and discuss Cretaceous extensional folds of the eastern Basque-Cantabrian Basin (Northern Spain). Geometry and kinematics of folds is constrained by means of structural and sedimentological fieldwork integrated with geological mapping, revealing an intimate link between coeval folding, extensional faulting, and salt mobilization. In detail, the Mesozoic succession of the northwestern and southern borders of the Palaeozoic Bortziriak-Cinco Villas massif (eastern margin of the BCB) host late Albian–early Cenomanian syn-rift forced folds. The studied forced fold axes trend parallel and are located above main and inferred Cretaceous syn-sedimentary basement faults. Structural data indicate that these folds formed during the late Albian − early Cenomanian interval. The presence of Upper Triassic clay and evaporite outcrops along and/or close to the axes of folds and their stratigraphic relationship with Upper Cretaceous strata indicate their halokinetic origin and extrusion during folding. The trigger of salt tectonics is attributed to a basement extensional pulse during the Bay of Biscay – Pyrenean rifting. Related high subsidence-rates allowed salt to flow towards faults, forming salt walls and causing the inflation and folding of the overburden.This research was funded by grant BFI05.398 from the Basque Government to A. Bodego and grant AP98-44159606 from the Spanish Science Ministry to E. Iriarte. Funds were also supplied by Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (MEC) – Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) (projects CGL2006-05491/BTE and CGL2009-08545) and Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) (projects EHU06/62, UNESCO06/03 and EHUA15/18)

Hiperestentsioa: kontinenteen apurketa ulertzeko eredu berri bat

Kontinenteen apurketa luzaroan ikertu den prozesu geologikoa da. Rifting deritzon prozesu horrek milioika urte irauten ditu, eta kontinente-ertzetan, mendikateetan eta bestelako ingurune geologikoetan topatzen dira fenomeno tektoniko horren aztarnak. Plaka tektonikoen banaketaren interpretazioa, ordea, eboluzionatuz doa ikertzaileen ulermenaren eta aurrerapen teknologikoen arabera. Hiperestentsioaren ideia da interpretazio horren azken berrikuntza. Ideia hori litosfera kontinentalaren deformazio polifasikoan barneratzen da, litosferaren muturreko luzapenean oinarrituz, hain zuzen. Ertz egonkorretan eta gerriko orogenikoetan identifikaturiko egitura geologiko eta eremu estruktural bereizgarriek ahalbidetzen dute fenomeno horren bilakaeraren nolakotasuna definitzea. Magman txiroak bezala ezagutzen diren ertz egonkorretako eremu horiek dira hurbileko domeinua, necking domeinua, urruneko domeinua edo hiperluzatua eta kanpoko domeinua. Domeinu horietako bakoitza riftingaren deformazio faseekin lotzen da; fase horiek litosfera kontinentalaren luzapena, mehetzea, mantuaren azaleratzea eta lurrazal ozeanikoaren zabaltzea dira. Esan bezala, iraganean hiperluzatutako arroetan ari da garatzen ikerketa, eta hipotesi horren bitartez ulertzen hasia da, honezkero, Euskokantauriar arroa (EKA) barneratzen duen Iberia eta Eurasia arteko Mesozoikoko rift-sistemaren garapena. Urteetan arroan bildutako datuek, behintzat, horretara bultzatzen dute. Pirinioen mendebaldean deskribaturiko mantuaren azaleratzeak eta arroan deskribaturiko hamaika prozesuk indartu dute Kretazeoko riftingean hiperestentsioak izan zezakeen garrantzia; azken horrek, gainera, garai hartako EKAren eboluzio geologikoaren paradigma argitu dezake.; Continental breakup is a geological process which has been deeply learnt. The keys of that tectonic phenomena, the so-called rifting process that lasts millions of years, can be found worldwide within rifted margins, mountain chains and other geological settings. However, the interpretation of tectonic plate rupture evolves while researcher´s comprehension and technology advance. Hyperextension is the last update within that interpretation. This revolutionary idea involves the extreme polyphasic extensional deformation of the continental lithosphere. Characteristic geological structures and structural domains identified within passive margins and orogenic belts, allow to define the evolution of this phenomena. Domains such as the proximal domain, necking domain, distal or hyperextended domain and outer domain are distinguishing features within magma poor rifted margins. These domains are linked to specific deformation phases during rifting, being stretching and thinning of continental lithosphere, mantle exhumation and oceanic crust spreading part of these process. As said, research is being carried out in hyperextended basins, and the evolution of the Iberia-Eurasia Mesozoic rift system, which involves the Basque-Cantabrian Basin (BCB), is already being understood within that hypothesis. Data collected over years in the BCB, at least, suggest that. Mantle exhumation described in the western Pyrenees and several processes linked to that within the BCB, reinforces the significance that hyperextension could have occurred during the Cretaceous rifting, shedding light to the paradigm concerning the evolution of the BCB

Generation of NKX2.5(GFP) Reporter Human iPSCs and Differentiation Into Functional Cardiac Fibroblasts

Direct cardiac reprogramming has emerged as an interesting approach for the treatment and regeneration of damaged hearts through the direct conversion of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes or cardiovascular progenitors. However, in studies with human cells, the lack of reporter fibroblasts has hindered the screening of factors and consequently, the development of robust direct cardiac reprogramming protocols.In this study, we have generated functional human NKX2.5(GFP) reporter cardiac fibroblasts. We first established a new NKX2.5(GFP) reporter human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line using a CRISPR-Cas9-based knock-in approach in order to preserve function which could alter the biology of the cells. The reporter was found to faithfully track NKX2.5 expressing cells in differentiated NKX2.5(GFP) hiPSC and the potential of NKX2.5-GFP + cells to give rise to the expected cardiac lineages, including functional ventricular- and atrial-like cardiomyocytes, was demonstrated. Then NKX2.5(GFP) cardiac fibroblasts were obtained through directed differentiation, and these showed typical fibroblast-like morphology, a specific marker expression profile and, more importantly, functionality similar to patient-derived cardiac fibroblasts. The advantage of using this approach is that it offers an unlimited supply of cellular models for research in cardiac reprogramming, and since NKX2.5 is expressed not only in cardiomyocytes but also in cardiovascular precursors, the detection of both induced cell types would be possible. These reporter lines will be useful tools for human direct cardiac reprogramming research and progress in this field.This work was supported by PID 2019-107150RB-I00/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 to XC-V; by the “Ramón y Cajal” State Program, Ministry of Economy and Competitivenes

Present and future of parkinson’s disease in Spain: Parkinson-2030 delphi project

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic progressive and irreversible disease and the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. In Spain, it affects around 120.000–150.000 individuals, and its prevalence is estimated to increase in the future. PD has a great impact on patients’ and caregivers’ lives and also entails a substantial socioeconomic burden. The aim of the present study was to examine the current situation and the 10-year PD forecast for Spain in order to optimize and design future management strategies. This study was performed using the modified Delphi method to try to obtain a consensus among a panel of movement disorders experts. According to the panel, future PD management will improve diagnostic capacity and follow-up, it will include multidisciplinary teams, and innovative treatments will be developed. The expansion of new technologies and studies on biomarkers will have an impact on future PD management, leading to more accurate diagnoses, prognoses, and individualized therapies. However, the socio-economic impact of the disease will continue to be significant by 2030, especially for patients in advanced stages. This study highlighted the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment and how crucial it is to establish recommendations for future diagnostic and therapeutic management of PD.This project was funded by Zambon S.A.U

Palaeolithic rock art in Alkerdi 2 cave (Urdazubi/Urdax, Navarra)

En el marco del proyecto de «Caracterización del macizo y sistema kárstico de Alkerdi,de la cueva de Alkerdi y de su entorno de protección», se procede a la exploración de la cavidad de Alkerdi 2. Las labores coordinadas han permitido identificar un conjunto de arte parietal asociado a evidencias arqueológicas en superficie. El estilo de las grafías animales grabadas apunta hacia una atribución Gravetiense para la presencia humana. La datación por radiocarbono de uno de los motivos parietales y de un carbón procedente del contexto arqueológico, lo corroboran. Se trata así de la segunda cavidad decorada durante el Paleolítico en Navarra y la muestra artística más antigua de la Comunidad Foral.Within the framework of the characterization project of the massif and karst system of Alkerdi, the Alkerdi cave and its protective environment, the Alkerdi 2 cavity was explored. The coordinated work has made it possible to identify a set of parietal art associated with archaeological evidence on the surface. The style of the engraved animal points towards a Gravettian attribution for human presence. Radiocarbon dating of one of the parietal motifs and a charcoal from the archaeological context corroborate this idea. This is the second cavity decorated during the Paleolithic in Navarre and the oldest artistic remain in the Autonomous Community

Estudio interdisciplinar del macizo kárstico de Alkerdi: rasgos geológicos, evolución kárstica y contenido arqueopaleontológico

El estudio interdisciplinar realizado en el Macizo de Alkerdi (Urdazubi, Nafarroa), ha puesto de manifiesto la existencia de un complejo sistema kárstico desarrollado en dos unidades litoestratigráficas calcáreas de edad cretácica con aproximadamente 3 km de desarrollo y estructurado en cuatro pisos kársticos de dirección SW-NE. Los tres pisos superiores, más antiguos, están en condiciones vadosas y presentan rasgos de un karst evolucionado, con evidencias de fracturación y colapso de techos y paredes, más o menos tapizados por espeleotemas o fases de relleno/vaciado sedimentario. Las labores arqueológicas realizadas en estos pisos elevados han ofrecido unos resultados positivos. Cabe destacar el hallazgo de arte parietal paleolítico en la cueva de Alkerdi 2, incluyendo motivos geométricos pintados en rojo y negro y animales grabados. A ello se une la localización en posición primaria de material arqueológico (industria lítica, fauna, carbones) en el suelo de las áreas decoradas

Estudio interdisciplinar del macizo kárstico de Alkerdi: rasgos geológicos, evolución kárstica y contenido arqueopaleontológico

Student newspaper of the University of Montana, Missoula.https://scholarworks.umt.edu/studentnewspaper/8869/thumbnail.jp

Arte parietal paleolítico de la cueva de Alkerdi 2 (Urdazubi/Urdax, Navarra)

Alkerdiko mendigune eta sistema karstikoaren zein Alkerdiko kobazuloaren eta bere babes eremuaren azterketarako proiektuaren barruan, Alkerdi 2 kobazuloaren miaketa burutu da. Ikerketa koordinatuek lurrazalean agerturiko aztarna arkeologikoekin erlazionaturiko labar arte multzo bat identifikatzea ahalbidetu dute. Grabaturiko animalien irudien estiloak Gravette aldiko giza presentzia bat frogatzen dute. Labar irudietako baten zein testuingurutik datorren ikatz baten erradiokarbonozko datazioek hau baieztatuko lukete. Beraz, Nafarroan agerturiko bigarren kobazulo apainduaren aurrean egongo ginateke, eta Foru Erkidegoko adibide artistiko zaharrenen aurrean.Within the framework of the characterization project of the massif and karst system of Alkerdi, the Alkerdi cave and its protective environment, the Alkerdi 2 cavity was explored. The coordinated work has made it possible to identify a set of parietal art associated with archaeological evidence on the surface. The style of the engraved animal points towards a Gravettian attribution for human presence. Radiocarbon dating of one of the parietal motifs and a charcoal from the archaeological context corroborate this idea. This is the second cavity decorated during the Paleolithic in Navarre and the oldest artistic remain in the Autonomous Community.En el marco del proyecto de «Caracterización del macizo y sistema kárstico de Alkerdi, de la cueva de Alkerdi y de su entorno de protección», se procede a la exploración de la cavidad de Alkerdi 2. Las labores coordinadas han permitido identificar un conjunto de arte parietal asociado a evidencias arqueológicas en superficie. El estilo de las grafías animales grabadas apunta hacia una atribución Gravetiense para la presencia humana. La datación por radiocarbono de uno de los motivos parietales y de un carbón procedente del contexto arqueológico, lo corroboran. Se trata así de la segunda cavidad decorada durante el Paleolítico en Navarra y la muestra artística más antigua de la Comunidad Foral