The Relationship between Financial Aid Type and Academic Success in a Public Two-Year College in Georgia

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between financial aid type and academic success in a public two-year institution in the state of Georgia. Financial assistance contributes significantly to higher education in the form of subsidy to the participants in higher education through student financial aid. Much of the research available on this topic is based on data provided by four-year institutions and research was not identified which investigates the aid type and potential relationship to academic success. In an attempt to establish this relationship, the investigation considered grades earned in foundational coursework as determined by the researcher while in attendance at a higher educational institution and the type of financial assistance received by the student. Data existed that provided the basis for the historical study. Accordingly, the investigation utilized a quantitative approach with an ex post facto design. Specifically, the study compared course grades in specified courses among students who received financial assistance from the following sources of aid: 1) grants, 2) scholarships, 3) loans, and 4) students receiving no aid. Data for a five year period beginning with the fall of 2006 formed the basis for this study. Included in the data retrieval was information concerning financial aid type, course prefix, course number, grade, high school grade point average (GPA), earned family contribution (EFC), sex, and ethnicity. An analysis of covariance was employed to obtain research results. The study determined a statistically significant relationship existed between all model predictors (i.e., sex, ethnicity, EFC, financial aid type, and high school GPA) and collegiate GPA at the .01 level of significance. Multiple comparison of mean differences in collegiate GPA’s determined the following statistically significant comparisons at .01 level of significance: females outperformed males, Whites outperformed Blacks, “other” outperformed Black, “No Aid” outperformed Loans, HOPE outperformed Loans, HOPE outperformed Pell/Loans, Pell/HOPE outperformed Loans, recipients of all forms of aid outperformed Loans, Pell/HOPE outperformed Pell/Loans, and recipients of all forms of aid outperformed Pell/Loans

Private Profits and Public Health: Does Advertising Smoking Cessation Products Encourage Smokers to Quit?

To shed new light on the role private profit incentives play in promoting public health, in this paper we conduct an empirical study of the impact of pharmaceutical industry advertising on smoking cessation decisions. We link survey data on individual smokers with an archive of magazine advertisements. The rich survey data allow us to measure smokers' exposure to smoking cessation advertisements based on their magazine-reading habits. Because we observe the same information about the consumers that the advertisers observe, we can control for the potential endogeneity of advertising due to firms' targeting decisions. We find that when smokers are exposed to more advertising, they are more likely to attempt to quit and are more likely to have successfully quit. While some of the increased quitting behavior involves purchases of smoking cessation products, our results indicate that advertisements for smoking cessation products also increase the probability of quitting without the use of any product. Thus, the public health returns to smoking cessation product advertisements exceed the private returns to the manufacturers. Because advertising of a wide range of consumer products may have important and under-studied spillover effects on various non-market behaviors, our results have broad implications for the economics of advertising.

Regulating Advertisements: The Case of Smoking Cessation Products

In this paper we investigate how direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising of pharmaceutical products in affected by regulations of the Food and Drug Administration and by market conditions. We focus on a relatively under-studied segment of the pharmaceutical market -- the market for smoking cessation products. Because of their proven effectiveness, these products could be the key to meeting public health goals to reduce smoking. However, in many ways, smoking cessation products have been more heavily regulated than cigarettes. Our empirical analysis uses data on advertising expenditures and data from an archive of print advertisements. The archive includes all smoking cessation product advertisements that appeared in over 13,000 issues of 28 magazines between January 1985 and May 2002. Our study period begins shortly atfer the first nicotine replacement product was introduced, and covers the evolution of the market as new products are introduced while some of the older products move from prescription to over-the-counter (OTC) status. OTC status eases the disclosure requirements imposed on advertisements of prescription pharmaceuticals, substantially reducing the costs of a print advertisement. Our results suggest that OTC status is associated with an increase in advertising expenditures and the number and pages of magazine advertisements. A current proposal to reduce disclosure requirements on all DTC advertisements of prescription drugs could have similar effects. Our results also suggest that advertising increase with the introduction of new products and with market competition.

Secrets Between Different Kinds of Friends: Canada’s Wartime Exchange of Scientific Military Information with the United States and the USSR, 1940‑1945

The outbreak of the Second World War, with the emphasis on new weapons and defence technology, brought about dramatic changes in the role of the scientist in Britain, the United States, and Canada. In many ways, Canadian scientists were most affected by these changes. Now, through the National Research Council and various defence agencies, they were able to gain access to highly confidential scientific data through the medium of joint British and Canadian research projects. Equally important was the extent that the British connection made it possible for Canadian scientists to become involved in sophisticated American military projects. Canada was also indirectly affected by the complex negotiations between Britain, the United States and the USSR on applied science exchanges during World War II. In addition, there were a variety of bilateral arrangements between Canada and the Soviet Union which had important implications for the exchange of military technology. But even more important were the revelations in September 1945 that the Soviet Union had been operating an extensive espionage system in Canada which had obtained considerable “Top Secret” scientific military information. The subsequent report of the Royal Commission on Espionage had major national and international ramifications.L'éclatement du deuxième conflit mondial, avec son emphase sur les armes modernes et les nouvelles technologies de défense, amena des changements considérables dans le rôle des scientifiques en Grande-Bretagne, aux États-Unis et au Canada ― particulièrement pour les Canadiens. Désormais, par l'entremise du Conseil national de recherche et diverses agences de défense, ils purent avoir accès à des informations scientifiques hautement confidentielles dans le cadre de projets de recherche militaire menés conjointement par des Britannique et des Canadiens. Le Canada fut aussi indirectement affecté par les négociations complexes entre la Grande-Bretagne, les États-Unis et l'URSS sur les échanges en matière de sciences appliquées durant la deuxième guerre mondiale. De plus, plusieurs arrangements bilatéraux entre le Canada et l'Union Soviétique eurent de grands impacts sur l'échange de technologie militaire. Mais plus importantes encore furent les révélations en septembre 1945 à l'effet que les Soviétiques avaient exploité un système élaboré d'espionnage au Canada grâce auquel ils avaient obtenu beaucoup d'informations scientifiques militaires très secrètes. Le rapport subséquent de la Commission royale sur l'espionnage a eu un impact majeur sur le plan national et international

Demonstration of Multiple Esterases of the Human Dental Pulp After Electrophoresis in Starch and Acrylamide Gels

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67050/2/10.1177_00220345670460065501.pd

Some optical properties of thin films of silver and other metals

In the last fifteen years there has been a considerable increase in the knowledge of the optical properties of metal layers less than 1000 A thick, and the use of layers produced by evaporation or cathodic sputtering has become increasingly common for the determination of the optical constants of metals. In this work the interferometric method, originally due to Tolansky, for the determination of the relative phase changes occurring on reflexion at the surface of a metal layer has been further developed, and, coupled with a simple photoelectric device for the measurement of intensity changes, has been applied to the study of reflexion at a number of surfaces. The method requires slightly transparent layers of the metal to form a transmission interferometer, and it is therefore of particular importance to determine within what thickness limits the optical properties of these layers can be taken as characteristic of the metal in bulk form. To this end, a study of the variation with thickness of the characteristics of non-normal reflexion at thin silver layers has been made for thicknesses between 100 and 1000 A. Measurements have also been made using the technique of the optical constants of copper, tin, speculum, and a new tin-nickel alloy. Some interesting anomalies in the opticalproperties of evaporated layers of tin have been observed. The thesis commences with a treatment of the theory of reflexion at metal surfaces and layers, and the previous work in this field is reviewed, with particular reference to measurements on evaporated layers, and the variation of their properties with thickness. The evaporation equipment and procedure used are described, and the measurement of layer thicknesses critically discussed. The optical techniques are then described, the interferometric technique being analysed in detail. Finally the results of the experiments are mentioned and discussed.<p

Histopathologic evaluation of the effects of four calcium hydroxide liners on monkey pulps

Pulpal response of four calcium hydroxide liners, MPC 10®, MPC 12®, Dycal® and Pulpdent® were tested on primary and permanent teeth with zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) and silicate as controls. Responses of the pulps were evaluated in Rhesus monkeys, utilizing Class V cavity preparations at 3 days, 5 and 8 weeks. An equivalent number of anterior and posterior teeth were studied for all compounds. The Ca(OH) 2 liners, zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) and silicate controls were placed in 80 primary and 80 permanent teeth. Following perfusions the teeth were prepared utilizing routine histological procedures. The 3 day response of the calcium hydroxides was moderate with some disruption in the odontoblasts, vacuolization and mild inflammation underlying the cavity except Pulpdent which was more severe. At 5 weeks a decrease in inflammatory response and the formation of reparative dentin was similar for all calcium hydroxides tested at this time period. At 8 weeks more reparative dentin was noted with slight to moderate pulpal responses. At all time periods ZOE produced the least pulpal response while silicate produced the most severe response at 5 and 8 weeks. This study reports the biological responses of four calcium hydroxide compounds used as cavity liners in non-exposures in a series of primary and permanent teeth of monkeys using ZOE and silicate as controls. Responses to the four Ca(OH) 2 compounds were moderate for all the experimental compounds except Pulpdent which was more severe at the early time period tested. ZOE produced a milder and silicate a severe response at all periods. All of these compounds were placed by random selection in anterior and posterior teeth of both arches and five teeth were evaluated in both primary and permanent teeth at 3 days, 5 and 8 weeks.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74743/1/j.1600-0714.1976.tb01759.x.pd