Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity

Atuação dos coordenadores de grupos de saúde na rede docente assistencial Actuación de los coordinadores de grupos de salud en la red docente asistencial Actions of health group coordinators within the teaching/care network

OBJETIVO: Analisar o modelo de atuação de coordenadores de grupos de promoção da saúde em unidades básicas de saúde vinculadas à formação de profissionais. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Estudo qualitativo realizado no município de Florianópolis, SC, em 2001. Foram analisados quatro grupos, totalizando 24 sessões em unidades básicas de saúde. Procedeu-se à observação participante para iniciar o trabalho de campo. Os relatos foram analisados por meio da técnica de análise do discurso do tipo enunciativo-pragmático. ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS: As formas de atuação dos coordenadores congruentes ao modelo preventivista foram: opressiva, pedagógica bancária, biologicista e higienista, prescritiva de condutas e culpabilizadora, infantilizadora, redutora das problemáticas coletivas, desfavorecedora do setting grupal, além de utilização de solilóquio. As formas de atuação consonantes ao Modelo da Nova Promo��ão foram: facilitadora da livre expressão e autonomia, comunicadora empática, construcionista, acolhedora, utilizou a escuta ativa, além de promover a superação da violência e alienação. CONCLUSÕES: Os coordenadores atuaram primordialmente por meio do modelo preventivista e sem utilizar recursos técnicos e teóricos alusivos à metodologia grupal na área da saúde. As atuações identificadas nos modelos preventivista e a nova promoção da saúde desvelam características que se fundamentam, respectivamente, nas éticas da - opressão/subordinação e; - na cooperação/aceitação dos usuários como livres e responsáveis por suas escolhas e conseqüências.<br>OBJETIVO: Analizar el modelo de actuación de coordinadores de grupos de promoción de la salud en unidades básicas de salud vinculadas a la formación de profesionales. PRODECIMIENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Estudio cualitativo realizado en el municipio de Florianópolis, Sur de Brasil, en 2001. Fueron analizados cuatro grupos, totalizando 24 sesiones en unidades básicas de salud. Se procedió a la observación participante para iniciar el trabajo de campo. Los relatos fueron analizados por medio de la técnica de análisis del discurso de tipo enunciativo-pragmático. ANÁLISIS DE LOS RESULTADOS: Las formas de actuación de los coordinadores congruentes al modelo preventista fueron: opresiva, pedagógica bancaria, biologicista e higienista, prescriptiva de conductas y culpabilizadora, infantilizadora, reductora de las problemáticas colectivas, desfavorecedora del setting grupal, además de utilización de soliloquio. Las formas de actuación consonantes al modelo de la nueva promoción fueron: facilitadora de la libre expresión y autonomía, comunicadora empática, construccionista, acogedora, utilizó el escuchar activamente, además de promover la superación de la violencia y alienación. CONCLUSIONES: Los coordinadores actuaron primordialmente por medio del modelo preventista y sin utilizar recursos técnicos y teóricos alusivos a la metodología grupal en el área de la salud. Las actuaciones identificadas en los modelos preventista y la nueva promoción de la salud desvelan características que se fundamentan, respectivamente, en las éticas de la &#150; opresión/subordinación y; &#150; en la cooperación /aceptación de los usuarios como libres y responsables por sus escogencias y consecuencias.<br>OBJECTIVE: To analyze the model for actions by health promotion group coordinators, in primary healthcare units with links to professional training. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: A qualitative study was carried out in the municipality of Florianópolis, Southern Brazil, in 2001. Four groups were evaluated, over a total of 24 sessions at primary healthcare units. Participant observation was performed to start the fieldwork. The reports were analyzed by means of the technique of enunciative-pragmatic discourse analysis. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: The types of action among the coordinators that were congruent with the preventive model were: oppression, bench teaching, biologism and higienism, prescription of approaches, blame apportionment, infantilization, reduction of collective problems, denigration of group settings and use of monologue. The types of action consonant with the new promotion model were: facilitation of free expression and autonomy, empathetic communication, constructivism, receptiveness, active listening and promotion of overcoming of violence and alienation. CONCLUSIONS: The coordinators acted primarily by means of the preventive model, without using technical and theoretical resources that allude to group methodology in the field of healthcare. The actions within the preventive and new health promotion models that were identified reveal characteristics that are grounded in, respectively, the ethics of oppression/subordination of users and cooperation/acceptance of users as free and responsible for their choices and consequences