Pan-genomic analysis to redefine species and subspecies based on quantum discontinuous variation: the Klebsiella paradigm

International audienceBackground: Various methods are currently used to define species and are based on the phylogenetic marker 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence, DNA-DNA hybridization and DNA GC content. However, these are restricted genetic tools and showed significant limitations. Results: In this work, we describe an alternative method to build taxonomy by analyzing the pan-genome composition of different species of the Klebsiella genus. Klebsiella species are Gram-negative bacilli belonging to the large Enterobacteriaceae family. Interestingly, when comparing the core/pan-genome ratio; we found a clear discontinuous variation that can define a new species. Conclusions: Using this pan-genomic approach, we showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis are species of the Klebsiella genus, rather than subspecies of Klebsiella pneumoniae. This pan-genomic analysis, helped to develop a new tool for defining species introducing a quantic perspective for taxonomy

Genome and pan-genome analysis to classify emerging bacteria

La bio-informatique est essentielle aujourd'hui dans de nombreux domaines comme par exemple la gestion et l'analyse des données, la génomique avec l'assemblage et l'annotation de génomes, la phylogénie, la métagénomique, la recherche de nouvelles espèces bactériennes et la classification taxonomique. Mon premier travail a porté sur l'assemblage et l'analyse d'un génome bactérien à partir de données de métagénomique. Le génome de Akkermansia muciniphila a pu être assemblé par mapping directement à partir de données issues d'échantillons de selle humaine. En 2012, la culturomics a permis de décrire le plus grand génome d'une bactérie isolée chez l'homme ; Microvirga massiliensis (9.3 Mb). Mon deuxième travail a permis d'assembler ce génome. Par la suite, nous avons essayé de comprendre pourquoi cette bactérie a un génome si grand. En effet, on observe qu'elle possède un plasmide, un nombre important d'ORFans et d'ARNr 16S ainsi que des gènes de grande taille. Elle comporte également un nombre important de transposons. Enfin, la troisième et dernière partie de mon travail se base sur les analyses de pan-génome pour la taxonomie bactérienne. La taxonomie est sujette à de nombreux changements selon les données disponibles et les méthodes utilisées, et suit l'évolution des techniques d'identification des bactéries. Nous avons alors redéfinit la notion d'espèce à l'aide du pan-génome pour le genre Klebsiella. En effet, une différence trop importante entraînant une cassure au niveau du ratio core/pan-génome, révèle l'apparition d'une nouvelle espèce. Cette découverte nous amène à utiliser le pan-génome comme outils novateur pour la taxonomie bactérienne.Since the introduction of DNA sequencing by Sanger and Coulson in 1977, considerable progress has been made. A growing number of data is being generated in several areas and requires more and more advances in computing. Bio-informatics is essential today in many fields such as data management and analysis, genomics with assembly and genome annotation, comparative genomics, phylogeny, metagenomics, research new bacterial species and taxonomic classification. My first work based on assembling and analyzing bacterial genome from metagenomic data. The genome of Akkermansia muciniphila could be assembled by mapping directly from data from human stool sample. In 2012,culturomics allowed to describe the largest genome of a bacterium isolated in human; Microvirga massiliensis (9.3 Mb). My second work allowed to assemble this genome. Subsequently, we tried to understand why this bacterium has such a large genome. Indeed, it is observed that it possesses a plasmid, a large number of ORFans and 16S rRNAs as well as large genes which one is more than 14kb. It also includes a large number of transposasons. Finally, the third and last part of the work concerns pan-genome analyzes for bacterial taxonomy. Taxonomy is a set of many changes based on available data, methods used and evolution of bacterial identification techniques. We have examined the notion of species using the genome at the genus Klebsiella. Indeed, a too large difference leading to a break in the core/pan-genome ratio undoubtedly reveals the appearance of a new species. This discovery leads us to use the pan-genome as an innovative tool for bacterial taxonomy

Genome and pan-genome analysis to classify emerging bacteria

Abstract Background In the recent years, genomic and pan-genomic studies have become increasingly important. Culturomics allows to study human microbiota through the use of different culture conditions, coupled with a method of rapid identification by MALDI-TOF, or 16S rRNA. Bacterial taxonomy is undergoing many changes as a consequence. With the help of pan-genomic analyses, species can be redefined, and new species definitions generated. Results Genomics, coupled with culturomics, has led to the discovery of many novel bacterial species or genera, including Akkermansia muciniphila and Microvirga massiliensis. Using the genome to define species has been applied within the genus Klebsiella. A discontinuity or an abrupt break in the core/pan-genome ratio can uncover novel species. Conclusions Applying genomic and pan-genomic analyses to the reclassification of other bacterial species or genera will be important in the future of medical microbiology. The pan-genome is one of many new innovative tools in bacterial taxonomy. Reviewers This article was reviewed by William Martin, Eric Bapteste and James Mcinerney. Open peer review Reviewed by William Martin, Eric Bapteste and James Mcinerney

Whole-genome assembly of Akkermansia muciniphila sequenced directly from human stool

International audienceBackground: Alterations in gut microbiota composition under antibiotic pressure have been widely studied, revealing a restricted diversity of gut flora, including colonization by organisms such as Enterococci, while their impact on bacterial load is variable. High-level colonization by Akkermansia muciniphila, ranging from 39% to 84% of the total bacterial population, has been recently reported in two patients being treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, although attempts to cultivate this microorganism have been unsuccessful. Results: Here, we propose an original approach of genome sequencing for Akkermansia muciniphila directly from the stool sample collected from one of these patients. We performed and assembly using metagenomic data obtained from the stool sample. We used a mapping method consisting of aligning metagenomic sequencing reads against the reference genome of the Akkermansia muciniphila Muc(T) strain, and a De novo assembly to support this mapping method. We obtained draft genome of the Akkermansia muciniphila strain Urmite with only 56 gaps. The absence of particular metabolic requirement as possible explanation of our inability to culture this microorganism, suggests that the bacterium was dead before the inoculation of the stool sample. Additional antibiotic resistance genes were found following comparison with the reference genome, providing some clues pertaining to its survival and colonization in the gut of a patient treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. However, no gene coding for imipenem resistance was detected, although this antibiotic was a part of the patient's antibiotic regimen. Conclusions: This work highlights the potential of metagenomics to facilitate the assembly of genomes directly from human stool

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Paenibacillus gorillae sp. nov.

International audienceStrain G1T sp. nov. is the type strain of Paenibacillus gorillae a newly proposed species within the genus Paenibacillus. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated in France from the fecal sample of a wild western lowland gorilla from Cameroon. P. gorillae is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 6,257,967 bp long genome (one chromosome but no plasmid) contains 5,856 protein-coding and 62 RNAs genes, including 60 tRNA genes

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Gorillibacterium massiliense gen. nov, sp. nov., a new member of the family Paenibacillaceae

International audienceStrain G5T gen. nov., sp. nov. is the type strain of Gorillibacterium massiliense, a newly proposed genus within the family Paenibacillaceae. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated in France from a stool sample of a wild Gorilla gorilla subsp. gorilla from Cameroon. G. massiliense is a facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative rod. Here we describe the features of this bacterium, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 5,546,433 bp long genome (1 chromosome but no plasmid) contains 5,145 protein-coding and 76 RNA genes, including 69 tRNA genes

Fenollaria timonensis sp. nov., A New Bacterium Isolated from Healthy Human Fresh Stool

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Buttiauxella massiliensis sp. nov., Isolated from a Human Bone Infection

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Phoenicibacter congonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus isolated from the human gut and its description using a taxonogenomic approach

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