Review of \u3ci\u3eThrough the Schoolhouse Door: Folklore, Community, Curriculum\u3c/i\u3e Edited by Paddy Bowman and Lynne Hamer.

At once a history, a handbook, and a how-to, Through the Schoolhouse Door gathers together examples for folklorists, students, and educators of best practices—along with accompanying cautionary tales—on the impact that folklore, folklife, and folk arts have in the realm of education. The book’s nine chapters offer accounts by folklorists and educators working throughout the United States, from New York to Florida and from Nebraska to Pennsylvania. In great detail, they describe the steps, roadblocks, successes, and frustrations that eventually coalesce into programs in which whole learning communities come to understand more about their neighbors, their cultural identities, and their places in the span of folk traditions

Review of \u3ci\u3eThrough the Schoolhouse Door: Folklore, Community, Curriculum\u3c/i\u3e Edited by Paddy Bowman and Lynne Hamer.

At once a history, a handbook, and a how-to, Through the Schoolhouse Door gathers together examples for folklorists, students, and educators of best practices—along with accompanying cautionary tales—on the impact that folklore, folklife, and folk arts have in the realm of education. The book’s nine chapters offer accounts by folklorists and educators working throughout the United States, from New York to Florida and from Nebraska to Pennsylvania. In great detail, they describe the steps, roadblocks, successes, and frustrations that eventually coalesce into programs in which whole learning communities come to understand more about their neighbors, their cultural identities, and their places in the span of folk traditions

Evaluation of kinesthetic-tactual displays using a critical tracking task

The study sought to investigate the feasibility of applying the critical tracking task paradigm to the evaluation of kinesthetic-tactual displays. Four subjects attempted to control a first-order unstable system with a continuously decreasing time constant by using either visual or tactual unidimensional displays. Display aiding was introduced in both modalities in the form of velocity quickening. Visual tracking performance was better than tactual tracking, and velocity aiding improved the critical tracking scores for visual and tactual tracking about equally. The results suggest that the critical task methodology holds considerable promise for evaluating kinesthetic-tactual displays

Ubiquitous energy storage

This paper presents a vision of a future power system with "ubiquitous energy storage", where storage would be utilized at all levels of the electricity system. The growing requirement for storage is reviewed, driven by the expansion of distributed generation. The capabilities and existing applications of various storage technologies are presented, providing a useful review of the state of the art. Energy storage will have to be integrated with the power system and there are various ways in which this may be achieved. Some of these options are discussed, as are commercial and regulatory issues. In two case studies, the costs and benefits of some storage options are assessed. It is concluded that electrical storage is not cost effective but that thermal storage offers attractive opportunities

EVENTS AFTER THE BINDING OF ANTIGEN TO LYMPHOCYTES : REMOVAL AND REGENERATION OF THE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR

The behavior of the immunoglobulin antigen receptor on lymphocytes was studied using both fluorescent antiimmunoglobulin antibody to detect B cells and autoradiography with radiolabeled antigens to detect antigen-binding cells. It was shown that after binding of antiimmunoglobulin antibody to the lymphocyte there was a rapid loss of surface immunoglobulin and then a progressive reappearance over 18 h. This could be quantitated using an inhibition assay for surface immunoglobulin. Similarly, after binding various dinitrophenyl-conjugated proteins or keyhole limpet hemocyanin to their specific antigen-binding cells, there was a loss of the antigen receptor from the surface and then a progressive reappearance of the receptor. The reappearance of surface immunoglobulin and of the antigen receptor proceeded at about the same rate. Repeated exposure to antibody or prolonged exposure to antigen did not diminish the capacity of the lymphocyte to re-express its receptor. These events, which follow the interaction of antigen and its receptor, are of possible importance in understanding the mechanism of triggering of the immune response and of tolerance

Evidence that avian reovirus σNS is an RNA chaperone: implications for genome segment assortment.

Reoviruses are important human, animal and plant pathogens having 10-12 segments of double-stranded genomic RNA. The mechanisms controlling the assortment and packaging of genomic segments in these viruses, remain poorly understood. RNA-protein and RNA-RNA interactions between viral genomic segment precursors have been implicated in the process. While non-structural viral RNA-binding proteins, such as avian reovirus σNS, are essential for virus replication, the mechanism by which they assist packaging is unclear. Here we demonstrate that σNS assembles into stable elongated hexamers in vitro, which bind single-stranded nucleic acids with high affinity, but little sequence specificity. Using ensemble and single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, we show that σNS also binds to a partially double-stranded RNA, resulting in gradual helix unwinding. The hexamer can bind multiple RNA molecules and exhibits strand-annealing activity, thus mediating conversion of metastable, intramolecular stem-loops into more stable heteroduplexes. We demonstrate that the ARV σNS acts as an RNA chaperone facilitating specific RNA-RNA interactions between genomic precursors during segment assortment and packaging

Unprecedented 21st century drought risk in the American Southwest and Central Plains

In the Southwest and Central Plains of Western North America, climate change is expected to increase drought severity in the coming decades. These regions nevertheless experienced extended Medieval-era droughts that were more persistent than any historical event, providing crucial targets in the paleoclimate record for benchmarking the severity of future drought risks. We use an empirical drought reconstruction and three soil moisture metrics from 17 state-of-the-art general circulation models to show that these models project significantly drier conditions in the later half of the 21st century compared to the 20th century and earlier paleoclimatic intervals. This desiccation is consistent across most of the models and moisture balance variables, indicating a coherent and robust drying response to warming despite the diversity of models and metrics analyzed. Notably, future drought risk will likely exceed even the driest centuries of the Medieval Climate Anomaly (1100–1300 CE) in both moderate (RCP 4.5) and high (RCP 8.5) future emissions scenarios, leading to unprecedented drought conditions during the last millennium

Model-dependent spatial skill in pseudoproxy experiments testing climate field reconstruction methods for the Common Era

The spatial skill of four climate field reconstruction (CFR) methods is investigated using pseudoproxy experiments (PPEs) based on five last millennium and historical simulations from the Coupled and Paleo Model Intercomparison Projects Phases 5 and 3 (CMIP5/PMIP3) data archives. These simulations are used for the first time in a PPE context, the frameworks of which are constructed to test a recently assembled multiproxy network and multiple CFR techniques. The experiments confirm earlier findings demonstrating consistent methodological performance across the employed methods and spatially dependent reconstruction errors in all of the derived CFRs. Spectral biases in the reconstructed fields demonstrate that CFR methods can alone alter the ratio of spectral power at all locations in the field, independent of whether there are any spectral biases inherent in the underlying pseudoproxy series. The patterns of spectral biases are model dependent and indicate the potential for regions in the derived CFRs to be biased by changes in either low or high-frequency spectral power. CFR methods are also shown to alter the pattern of mean differences in the tropical Pacific during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, with some model experiments indicating that CFR methodologies enhance the statistical likelihood of achieving larger mean differences between independent 300-year periods in the region. All of the characteristics of CFR performance are model dependent, indicating that CFR methods must be evaluated across multiple models and that conclusions from PPEs should be carefully connected to the spatial statistics of real-world climatic fields

Crushed Stone Aggregate Resources of Indiana

Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin 42-HMineral aggregate is an aggregation of mineral material, such as crushed rock, expanded shale, perlite, sand and gravel, shells, or slag. It is sometimes bound with such material as cement or asphalt or is sometimes not bound for use as filter stone, flux stone, railroad ballast, riprap, or road metal. Crushed limestone and dolomite, sand and gravel, slag, perlite, and expanded shale are the main natural and fabricated aggregates currently used in Indiana. Some aggregate, such as sand and gravel, requires little or no processing and can be used almost as it is mined, but rock must be crushed and sorted into various desired sizes before it can be used. Many types of rocks can be used for crushed stone aggregate, but limestone and dolomite are used exclusively in Indiana (pl. 1). In this report crushed stone is synonymous with crushed limestone and dolomite. Each type of aggregate has a distinct advantage with respect to cost and availability or to a specific use for which one type is more suited than another. The advantages of crushed limestone and dolomite are that they can be crushed and sized to meet most specifications, the materials are clean and angular and bind well with cementing mixtures, a uniform lithologic composition can be maintained with little or no selective quarrying in many areas, and they are available at low cost in most counties in Indiana. Crushed stone is one of Indiana’s most important mineral commodities, ranking third in annual value behind coal and cement. During 1969 crushed stone production in Indiana totaled 25, 516,000 tons and was valued at $34,418,000.Indiana Department of Natural Resource

Effects of chronic manganese exposure on attention and working memory in non-human primates.

Manganese (Mn) is essential for a variety of physiological processes, but at elevated levels, can be neurotoxic. While cognitive dysfunction has been recently appreciated to occur as a result of chronic Mn exposures, it is still unclear as to which cognitive domains are most susceptible to disruption by Mn exposure. We previously described early appearing Mn-induced changes in performance on a paired associate learning task in monkeys chronically exposed to Mn and suggested that performance of this task might be a sensitive tool for detecting cognitive dysfunction resulting from Mn exposure. As chronic Mn exposure has been suggested to be associated with attention, working memory and executive function deficits, the present study was conducted to assess the extent to which detrimental effects of chronic Mn exposure could be detected using tasks specifically designed to preferentially assess attention, working memory, and executive function. Six cynomolgus monkeys received Mn exposure over an approximate 12 month period and three served as control animals. All animals were trained to perform a self-ordered spatial search (SOSS) task and a five choice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) task. Deficits in performance of the SOSS task began to appear by the fourth month of Mn exposure but only became consistently significantly impaired beginning at the ninth month of Mn exposure. Performance on the 5-CSRT became significantly affected by the third month of Mn exposure. These data suggest that in addition to the paired associate learning task, cognitive processing speed (as measured by the 5-CSRT) may be a sensitive measure of Mn toxicity and that brain circuits involved in performance of the SOSS task may be somewhat less sensitive to disruption by chronic Mn exposure