39 research outputs found

    Diving with microparticles in acoustic fields

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    Sound can move particles. A good example of this phenomenon is the Chladni plate, in which an acoustic wave is induced in a metallic plate and particles migrate to the nodes of the acoustic wave. For several years, acoustophoresis has been used to manipulate microparticles in microscopic scales. In this fluid dynamics video, submitted to the 30th Annual Gallery of Fluid Motion, we show the basic mechanism of the technique and a simple way of visualize it. Since acoustophoretic phenomena is essentially a three-dimensional effect, we employ a simple technique to visualize the particles in 3D. The technique is called Astigmatism Particle Tracking Velocimetry and it consists in the use of cylindrical lenses to induce a deformation in the particle shape, which will be then correlated with its distance from the observer. With this method we are able to dive with the particles and observe in detail particle motion that would otherwise be missed. The technique not only permits visualization but also precise quantitative measurements that can be compared with theory and simulations.Comment: Fluid dynamics video for the 30th Annual Gallery of Fluid Motion, Entry #84160 65th Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society, Division of Fluid Dynamics San Diego, CA, Nov 201

    Ultrasound-induced acoustophoretic motion of microparticles in three dimensions

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    We derive analytical expressions for the three-dimensional (3D) acoustophoretic motion of spherical microparticles in rectangular microchannels. The motion is generated by the acoustic radiation force and the acoustic streaming-induced drag force. In contrast to the classical theory of Rayleigh streaming in shallow, infinite, parallel-plate channels, our theory does include the effect of the microchannel side walls. The resulting predictions agree well with numerics and experimental measurements of the acoustophoretic motion of polystyrene spheres with nominal diameters of 0.537 um and 5.33 um. The 3D particle motion was recorded using astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry under controlled thermal and acoustic conditions in a long, straight, rectangular microchannel actuated in one of its transverse standing ultrasound-wave resonance modes with one or two half-wavelengths. The acoustic energy density is calibrated in situ based on measurements of the radiation dominated motion of large 5-um-diam particles, allowing for quantitative comparison between theoretical predictions and measurements of the streaming induced motion of small 0.5-um-diam particles.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, Revtex 4.

    Movement Patterns and Muscular Function Before and After Onset of Sports-Related Groin Pain: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

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    BACKGROUND: Sports-related groin pain (SRGP) is a common entity in rotational sports such as football, rugby and hockey, accounting for 12-18 % of injuries each year, with high recurrence rates and often prolonged time away from sport. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review synthesises movement and muscle function findings to better understand deficits and guide rehabilitation. STUDY SELECTION: Prospective and retrospective cross-sectional studies investigating muscle strength, flexibility, cross-sectional area, electromyographic activation onset and magnitude in patients with SRGP were included. SEARCH METHODS: Four databases (MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, EBSCOhost and EMBASE) were searched in June 2014. Studies were critiqued using a modified version of the Downs and Black Quality Index, and a meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: Seventeen studies (14 high quality, 3 low quality; 8 prospective and 9 retrospective) were identified. Prospective findings: moderate evidence indicated decreased hip abduction flexibility as a risk factor for SRGP. Limited or very limited evidence suggested that decreased hip adduction strength during isokinetic testing at ~119°/s was a risk factor for SRGP, but no associations were found at ~30°/s or ~210°/s, or with peak torque angle. Decreased hip abductor strength in angular velocity in ~30°/s but not in ~119°/s and ~210°/s was found as a risk factor for SRGP. No relationships were found with hip internal or external rotation range of movement, nor isokinetic knee extension strength. Decreased isokinetic knee flexion strength also was a potential risk factor for SRGP, at a speed ~60°/s. Retrospective findings: there was strong evidence of decreased hip adductor muscle strength during a squeeze test at 45°, and decreased total hip external rotation range of movement (sum of both legs) being associated with SRGP. There was strong evidence of no relationship to abductor muscle strength nor unilateral hip internal and external rotation range of movement. Moderate evidence suggested that increased abduction flexibility and no change in total hip internal rotation range of movement (sum of both legs) were retrospectively associated with SRGP. Limited or very limited evidence (significant findings only) indicated decreased hip adductor muscle strength during 0° and 30° squeeze tests and during an eccentric hip adduction test, but a decrease in the isometric adductors-to-abductors strength ratio at speed 120°/s; decreased abductors-to-adductors activation ratio in the early phase in the moving leg as well as in all three phases in the weight-bearing leg during standing hip flexion; and increased hip flexors strength during isokinetic and decrease in transversus abdominis muscle resting thickness associated with SRGP. CONCLUSIONS: There were a number of significant movement and muscle function associations observed in athletes both prior to and following the onset of SRGP. The strength of findings was hampered by the lack of consistent terminology and diagnostic criteria, with there being clear guides for future research. Nonetheless, these findings should be considered in rehabilitation and prevention planning

    Children and youth in sport – experiences of parental pressure

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    Over the last decades intense debates have taken place, in the mass media, regarding the child-parent relation within sport. Questions have been raised if parent’s involvement can be a source of pressure for children and youth. In Sweden relatively little research have been undertaken to study this problem. Therefore the aim of this thesis is: - to describe and analyse children’s and youth’s experiences of parental involvement within the sport milieu, focusing on parental pressure. The purpose has also led to the following formulated problems: - How do children and youth experience parent’s presence, actions and open reactions toward young athletes in the sport milieu? - What does it mean for young athletes to experience parental pressure? Parents can unintentionally impose pressure on children just by trying too hard to be a good sport parent. Earlier research has proposed that young athletes experience pressure from parents when there is an imbalance between the experienced intensity in the parental involvement and what they desire. Given this background parental pressure was defined as: young athlete’s experiences of feelings of insufficiency in sport, which is emanated from parent’s, both hidden and outspoken, demands and expectations to achieve within the sport milieu”. For this thesis a critical factor in the theoretical framework is young athlete’s subjective experiences of parents, and especially parental pressure, in the public sport milieu. The data collection consisted of both questionnaires and interviews. The respondents (n=601, age 8 to 16) were selected from twelve of the most popular sports for children and youth (football, handball, swimming, equestrian sport, tennis, floor hockey, athletics, golf, ice hockey, gymnastics, figure skating and table tennis. The data from the interviews was collected from a sample of twelve young athletes (age 10 to14). The results showed support for how children in general are happy and satisfied with their parent’s involvement (81%). However it was also found that there was a minority group of 19% that indicated experiences of high parental pressure. In the results there were also tendencies that showed how certain sports (tennis, swimming, golf and equestrian sport) scored higher on the parental pressure scale than others. The respondents who scored low (under the mean) on the self-perception scale showed tendencies to score high on the parental pressure scale (Rho= -.38, p<.01). The factors connected to parental pressure, highlighted in the interviews, were also emphasized in an open-ended question. Stronger guiding principles, reinforced motivation and designed education dealing with these subjects in organised sport are inevitable. Otherwise organised youth sport will never succeed in oppressing the primary sources of children’s experiences of parental pressure

    Mer rörelse för fler? Om idrottens samverkans- och rekryteringsinsatser riktade mot unga i grundskolan : Slutrapport Flowsport-projektet 2016–2020

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    Idrottsrörelsen har lÀnge arbetat med att försöka hitta nya former för att fÄ fler barn att idrotta. Barn i Sverige idag rör pÄ sig för lite, vilket i förlÀngningen riskerar att leda till negativa hÀlsoeffekter. UngefÀr en av fem flickor och knappt hÀlften av pojkarna i Sverige nÄr upp till de nivÄer av daglig fysisk aktivitet som rekommenderas för barn. Det finns stora kunskapsluckor gÀllande idrottens, och alternativa idrottsaktiviteters, potential och pÄ vilka grunder denna verksamhet utvecklas. Framförallt saknas fördjupad kunskap om hur de deltagande barnen sjÀlva upplever aktiviteterna. Det övergripande syftet med Flowsport-projektet har varit att fördjupa kunskapen om hur olika rekryteringsinsatser, sÄ kallade alternativa idrottsaktiviteter, riktade till barn fungerar. Inom projektets studerade verksamheter (samverkan skola och idrottsförening) erbjöds barnen en flexibel och lÀttillgÀnglig idrottsmiljö som gav alla barn möjlighet att idrotta oavsett ekonomi och fÀrdigheter. Verksamheterna byggde inte pÄ organiserad tÀvling eller prestationsbaserade lekar och övningar utan istÀllet har aktiviteterna framförallt haft ett tydligt fokus pÄ inkludering och delaktighet. I Flowsport-projektet har stöd tagits i ekologisk teori sett ur ett barnperspektiv, vilket innebÀr ett synsÀtt dÀr individen utvecklas genom att samspela med den omgivande miljön. I projektet bildar dessa perspektiv sÄvÀl utgÄngspunkter, etiska riktlinjer som analysverktyg. Sammanlagt har 25 fokusgruppsintervjuer med barn (n=100) och 13 intervjuer med vuxna (n= 28) frÄn 18 olika organisationer genomförts. Intervjuer med vuxna har genomförts som fokusgruppsintervjuer, parintervjuer och individuella intervjuer. I fokusgruppsintervjuerna angav de barn som varit med i aktiviteterna att deras deltagande har kÀnts meningsfullt och att de önskar mer av liknande aktiviteter. Vad som fungerat mindre bra Àr att verksamheterna inte lyckats nÄ alla barn och dÄ sÀrskilt de barn som inte heller deltar i andra fysiska aktiviteter. Vidare prÀglas aktiviteterna fortfarande av tÀvlings- och prestationsnormer, vilket ytterligare försvÄrar intrÀde och delaktighet för de mer inaktiva barnen. I intervjuerna med vuxna framkom en vilja hos distriktsidrottsförbund och kommuner att fÄ föreningarna att arbeta mer hÀlsofrÀmjande och dÀrmed mer inkluderande. Föreningar behöver till viss del stÀlla om sin verksamhet för att kunna ta emot barn som idag stÄr utanför idrotten och Àr mindre fysiskt aktiva. Detta Àr av stor vikt för samhÀllet i stort och för idrottsrörelsen i synnerhet, för att i framtide

    ”Vi kallade oss alltid SMARTISARNA” : En uppföljningsstudie av ett hĂ€lsofrĂ€mjande skolprojekt

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    De flesta barn och ungdomar i Sverige Ă€r inte tillrĂ€ckligt fysiskt aktiva. I Sverige idag Ă€r det fĂ„ barn som nĂ„r den rekommenderade mĂ€ngden fysisk aktivitet pĂ„ 60 minuter per dag. ForskningsgenomgĂ„ngar har dokumenterat att skolbaserade interventioner har möjlighet att förbĂ€ttra den fysiska statusen hos elever. VĂ€rmlands Idrottsförbund och FriskvĂ„rden i VĂ€rmland beslutade 2004 att göra en satsning pĂ„ ett hĂ€lsofrĂ€mjande skolprojekt – som fick namnet SMARTIS. HuvudmĂ„let med SMARTIS var att öka barnens fysiska aktivitetsgrad i skolan och pĂ„ fritiden samt att förbĂ€ttra den fysiska förmĂ„gan. I föreliggande rapport studeras elevers beskrivningar av SMARTIS betydelse för deras levnadsvanor under och efter projektet. Studiens design omfattade individuella intervjuer och en gruppintervju med elever som tidigare deltagit i SMARTIS. Resultatet analyseras och diskuteras utifrĂ„n hur eleverna upplevde SMARTIS under sin tid pĂ„ skolan och vilken betydelse SMARTIS har haft för det liv de lever idag. I rapporten synliggörs att för att ge alla elever möjlighet att utveckla varaktiga beteenden och vanor utanför skolan bör hĂ€lsofrĂ€mjande arbete i skolan vara relevant för eleverna och att de kan relatera de aktiviteter som genomförs till sig sjĂ€lva och deras vardagliga liv.VĂ€rmlandsidrotten ska ha sin logga med pĂ„ titelsidan.</p

    Mer rörelse för fler? Om idrottens samverkans- och rekryteringsinsatser riktade mot unga i grundskolan : Slutrapport Flowsport-projektet 2016–2020

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    Idrottsrörelsen har lÀnge arbetat med att försöka hitta nya former för att fÄ fler barn att idrotta. Barn i Sverige idag rör pÄ sig för lite, vilket i förlÀngningen riskerar att leda till negativa hÀlsoeffekter. UngefÀr en av fem flickor och knappt hÀlften av pojkarna i Sverige nÄr upp till de nivÄer av daglig fysisk aktivitet som rekommenderas för barn. Det finns stora kunskapsluckor gÀllande idrottens, och alternativa idrottsaktiviteters, potential och pÄ vilka grunder denna verksamhet utvecklas. Framförallt saknas fördjupad kunskap om hur de deltagande barnen sjÀlva upplever aktiviteterna. Det övergripande syftet med Flowsport-projektet har varit att fördjupa kunskapen om hur olika rekryteringsinsatser, sÄ kallade alternativa idrottsaktiviteter, riktade till barn fungerar. Inom projektets studerade verksamheter (samverkan skola och idrottsförening) erbjöds barnen en flexibel och lÀttillgÀnglig idrottsmiljö som gav alla barn möjlighet att idrotta oavsett ekonomi och fÀrdigheter. Verksamheterna byggde inte pÄ organiserad tÀvling eller prestationsbaserade lekar och övningar utan istÀllet har aktiviteterna framförallt haft ett tydligt fokus pÄ inkludering och delaktighet. I Flowsport-projektet har stöd tagits i ekologisk teori sett ur ett barnperspektiv, vilket innebÀr ett synsÀtt dÀr individen utvecklas genom att samspela med den omgivande miljön. I projektet bildar dessa perspektiv sÄvÀl utgÄngspunkter, etiska riktlinjer som analysverktyg. Sammanlagt har 25 fokusgruppsintervjuer med barn (n=100) och 13 intervjuer med vuxna (n= 28) frÄn 18 olika organisationer genomförts. Intervjuer med vuxna har genomförts som fokusgruppsintervjuer, parintervjuer och individuella intervjuer. I fokusgruppsintervjuerna angav de barn som varit med i aktiviteterna att deras deltagande har kÀnts meningsfullt och att de önskar mer av liknande aktiviteter. Vad som fungerat mindre bra Àr att verksamheterna inte lyckats nÄ alla barn och dÄ sÀrskilt de barn som inte heller deltar i andra fysiska aktiviteter. Vidare prÀglas aktiviteterna fortfarande av tÀvlings- och prestationsnormer, vilket ytterligare försvÄrar intrÀde och delaktighet för de mer inaktiva barnen. I intervjuerna med vuxna framkom en vilja hos distriktsidrottsförbund och kommuner att fÄ föreningarna att arbeta mer hÀlsofrÀmjande och dÀrmed mer inkluderande. Föreningar behöver till viss del stÀlla om sin verksamhet för att kunna ta emot barn som idag stÄr utanför idrotten och Àr mindre fysiskt aktiva. Detta Àr av stor vikt för samhÀllet i stort och för idrottsrörelsen i synnerhet, för att i framtide

    Children's experiences of development in alternative sports programmes

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    Aim: As more children become increasingly physically inactive, efforts to reverse this negative trend are growing. Research has indicated, however, that we know relatively little about the pedagogical processes built into programmes and interventions. This is especially true in respect of how children view the process of becoming more physically active. This article therefore explores developmental processes as they unfold in the context of alternative sports programmes through children's voices. Methods: Theoretically, children's development is approached from a bioecological perspective focusing on the interaction between the child and its environment. This article builds on material collected from 5 focus groups conducted with 16 children in total (aged 11-15 years) after participating in an alternative sports programme. The data were analysed abductively using a qualitative content analysis technique. Findings: Findings illustrate how children develop physically active behaviours internally, as they acquire certain skills and knowledge, as well as between children and a multisystemic environment. In this study, children experienced that exploring practical activities in authentic situations could contribute to better understanding of the relationship between themselves and physical activities in their local community. Conclusion: To enable development in interventions, paying attention to the extent to which exo- and mesosystems influence children's relationships with the outside world is key. Participation may lead to an improved understanding of the surrounding world and the ability to further develop in an increasingly complex reciprocal process with the environment

    Associations between sport involvement and youth psychosocial development in Sweden : a longitudinal study

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    There is a widespread belief that organized sport can be used as a tool for positive youth development. However, phenomena such as parental pressure, binge drinking, doping, bullying and marginalization are also present within the sport milieu, with potential risks for negative outcomes to occur. The aim of the present study was to examine the longitudinal effects of organized sport involvement on indicators of youth psychosocial development over 24 months. Surveys assessing reported sport involvement and psychosocial development indicators were carried out at baseline (T1), 12 months (T2), and 24 months (T3). The results, based on self-reports of 920 youth, ages 10-18 years from Sweden, showed strong evidence of an association between baseline sports involvement and end line selfesteem (SE) (r=.15; p&lt;.001), perceived physical competence (PPC) (r=.47; p&lt;.001), and social competence (PSC) (r=.21; p&lt;.001), reported grades (GRAD) (r=.13; p&lt;.001) and alcohol use (ALC) (r=.10; p=.016). After adjusting for selection effects (i.e. dropping out of sport) and prior level outcomes, the effects of sport involvement on indicators of youths’ psychosocial development used in this study, were in general negligible (SE=.05, p=.20;PSC=.05, p=.20;GRAD=.04, p=.60;ALC=.03, p=.49) except for PPC (PPC=.14, p&lt;.001). The results of this study highlight the importance of using longitudinal studies that account for variances explained by prior level outcomes, sociodemographic variables and dropouts from sports
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