Olive Oil in Brazil: Economic and Regulatory Control Aspects

The oil extracted from olives has characteristics that set it apart from other vegetable oils. Its exceptional sensory and nutritional attributes and its limited production are among the aspects that give it high market value. However, oils of different grades and quality are obtained from the fruit of the olive tree. Thus, producers are interested in improving and disseminating product quality control techniques. Brazil’s domestic demand is met by imported olive oils, with Brazil being one of the world’s main importers. Recently, the expansions of the market and the commercial production outlook have intensified the work of the Brazilian government in improving the legal requirements to control this product and enable laboratories to monitor quality. Despite government initiatives, the trade of this oil in Brazil has always been, and continues to be, marked by evidence of fraud and adulteration. The present work aims to provide an overview of the economic, regulatory, and inspection aspects involving the olive oil in Brazil, emphasizing the initiatives to improve the control of this important product

Biscoitos de polvilho do comércio do estado de São Paulo, Brasil: composição da gordura com destaque para os ácidos graxos trans

To reduce levels of trans fatty acids (TFA) in bakery products has been a goal of the productive Brazilian sector. In order to assess the fat composition of cassava biscuits, fourteen samples in 2009 and eleven samples in 2013 from the market of São Paulo state were analyzed. Fat was determined by gravimetric method (with previous hydrolysis) and fatty acids by gas chromatography. In both periods, the average contents of total fat (17 and 18%) and TFA (3%) were high. At least one of the components was more than 20% of the declared on the label in 86% (2009) and 55% (2013) of the samples. Of the 25 samples analyzed, 20 contained hydrogenated fats and high levels of TFA; 3 samples (containing palm and lauric oils) had low levels of TFA, however high in saturated fatty acids (SFA). Two samples containing vegetable oil showed insignificant amounts of TFA and considerable amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, beneficial to health, but susceptible to oxidation. The results indicate the need for the continued monitoring of this product, and for the development of technological alternatives to adapt it to the reduction recommendations of the components related to the risk of cardiovascular disease, especially TFA.A redução dos níveis de ácidos graxos trans (AGT) em produtos de panificação tem sido uma meta do setor produtivo brasileiro. A fim de avaliar a composição da gordura de biscoitos de polvilho, foram analisados produtos comerciais do estado de São Paulo, em 2009 (14 amostras) e 2013 (11 amostras). A gordura foi determinada por gravimetria (hidrólise prévia) e os ácidos graxos, por cromatografia em fase gasosa. Em ambos os períodos, os níveis médios de gordura total (17 e 18%) e AGT (3%) foram elevados. Pelo menos um dos componentes variou mais do que 20% do declarado, em 86% (2009) e 55% (2013) das amostras. Das 25 amostras analisadas, 20 continham gordura hidrogenada e altos teores de AGT; três amostras (com óleos de palma/ láuricos) apresentaram baixos teores de AGT, porém elevados de ácidos graxos saturados (AGS). Outras duas amostras, contendo óleo vegetal, apresentaram quantidades insignificantes de AGT e consideráveis de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, benéficos à saúde, porém susceptíveis à oxidação. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de continuidade no monitoramento deste produto e do desenvolvimento de alternativas tecnológicas para adequá-lo às recomendações de redução dos componentes relacionados ao risco de doenças cardiovasculares, especialmente os AGT

Nutrition facts of infant formulas sold in São Paulo state: assessment of fat and fatty acid contents

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a informação nutricional fornecida pelos fabricantes de fórmulas infantis, comparando-as quanto aos teores obtidos na análise, ao conteúdo de lipídeos, ácidos graxos saturados, ácidos graxos trans, ácido linoleico, ácido alfa-linolênico, ácido araquidônico e ácido docosahexaenoico. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 14 amostras de seis marcas diferentes de fórmulas infantis comercializadas no Estado de São Paulo. A extração e a quantificação dos lipídeos foram realizadas pelo método oficial (Roese Gottlieb), e a quantificação dos ácidos graxos, pela cromatografia em fase gasosa pelo método de adição de padrão interno. As análises foram realizadas em triplicata. RESULTADOS: De acordo com os resultados, todas as amostras estavam em conformidade com a rotulagem para gordura total, uma estava em desacordo para ácidos graxos saturados, seis para ácidos graxos trans, quatro para ácido linoleico, dez para ácido alfa-linolênico, dois para ácido araquidônico e três para o ácido docosahexaenoico. As fórmulas infantis para lactentes de zero a seis meses foram as que revelaram as maiores diferenças em relação à informação nutricional fornecida pelo fabricante. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos apontam a necessidade de um contínuo monitoramento desses produtos por meio de programas de vigilância sanitária, uma vez que a inadequação dos nutrientes da fração lipídica e outros pode afetar de maneira significativa o desenvolvimento infantil.OBJECTIVE: This study determined the contents of fats, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in infant formulas and compared them with the nutrition facts reported on the respective packaging. METHODS: Fourteen samples of six different infant formula brands sold in the state of São Paulo were analyzed. The extraction and quantification of fats were done by the official method (Roese Gottlieb) and the quantification of fatty acids by gas chromatography using an internal standard. All analyses were repeated three times. RESULTS: The results showed that the nutrition facts printed on the packaging regarding total fats were correct for all samples, one was incorrect for saturated fatty acids, six were incorrect for trans fatty acids, four were incorrect for linoleic acid, ten were incorrect for alpha-linolenic acid, two were incorrect for arachidonic acid and three were incorrect for docosahexaenoic acid. The formulas that presented the greatest differences between nutrition facts and actual contents were those for infants aged zero to six months. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that sanitary surveillance programs need to constantly monitor these products since the incorrect amount of nutrients may significantly affect the child's development

Lipid and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in infant formulas in reference to the Codex Alimentarius

Codex Alimentarius stan-72 (2011) discriminate the adequate values of fatty acids and lipids for infant formula. Total lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were quantified in fourteen infant formulas samples and compared the results with the recommended values. Extraction and quantification of lipids followed Roese Gottielb method. Analysis of fatty acid, methylated by Hartman and Lago procedure, was carried out through gas chromatography was performed with the use of internal standard 23:0. In the analyzed samples, at least one parameter was in disagreement with Codex Alimentarius.Título PT: Lipídios e ácidos graxos poli-insaturados em fórmula infantil: comparação com o Codex AlimentariusO Codex Alimentarius stan-72 (2011) preconiza valores adequados para lipídios e ácidos graxos em fórmula infantil. O total de lipídios e ácidos graxos poli-insaturados foi quantificado em 14 amostras de fórmulas infantis e seus resultados comparados com os valores recomendados. A extração e quantificação dos lipídios foi realizado segundo metodologia de Roese Gottielb. Para análise de ácidos graxos, utilizou-se metodologia de metilação segundo Hartman e Lago, injeção em cromatógrafo gasoso e quantificação com padrão interno de 23:0. Todas as amostras analisadas, em pelo um parâmetro estava em desacordo com o preconizado pelo Codex Alimentarius

Determinação da diferença entre o valor real e o teórico do triglicerídeo ECN 42 para a detecção de adulteração em azeites de oliva comercializados no Brasil

The difference between the actual ECN 42 triacylglyceride content in vegetable oils, obtained by HPLC analysis, and the theoretical value calculated from the fatty acid composition was applied to detect the addition of seed oils with high contents of linoleic acid to olive oils commercialized in Brazil. The results indicate that samples analyzed were probably adulterated with low commercial value seed oils, rich in linoleic acid, like soybean, sunflower or corn

Composición de tocoferoles en aceite de semilla de sésamo: indicativo de adulteración

The objective of this research was to verify how the composition of tocopherols can help to reveal adulteration in samples of sesame seed oils commercialized in Brazil. Five samples have been analyzed. One sample presented the composition of fatty acids, tocopherols and desmethylsterols of authentic sesame oil. Another one presented only non complying parameters. Three other samples showed the fatty acid composition of pure sesame oil, but the tocopherol and desmethylsterol profiles did not comply with those for sesame seed oil. The results indicate that samples could be adulterated by other vegetable oils like soybean, lauric and corn oils.Este trabajo examina la importancia de los tocoferoles en la detección de la adulteración del aceite de sésamo comercializado en Brasil. Se analizaron cinco muestras a las que se le determinaron su composición en ácidos grasos, esteroles y tocoferoles. Una de las muestras se reveló puro aceite de semilla de sésamo; en otra, todos los parámetros estaban en desacuerdo. En las demás, el perfil de ácidos grasos caracterizaba el aceite de sésamo, sin embargo los tocoferoles y esteroles permanecieron en desacuerdo. Los resultados indican adulteración con otros aceites vegetales como soja, aceites láuricos y maíz

Comparison of gas chromatographic and gravimetric methods for quantization of total fat and fatty acids in foodstuffs

Different methods to determine total fat (TF) and fatty acids (FA), including trans fatty acids (TFA), in diverse foodstuffs were evaluated, incorporating gravimetric methods and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID), in accordance with a modified AOAC 996.06 method. Concentrations of TF and FA obtained through these different procedures diverged (p< 0.05) and TFA concentrations varied beyond 20 % of the reference values. The modified AOAC 996.06 method satisfied both accuracy and precision, was fast and employed small amounts of low toxicity solvents. Therefore, the results showed that this methodology is viable to be adopted in Brazil for nutritional labeling purposes

Economically motivated food fraud and adulteration in Brazil: incidents and alternatives to minimize occurrence.

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Review of literature: carotenoids, chemical composition and dietary reference intake of buriti fruits

Although fruits and vegetables, sources of carotenoids, are widely available in Brazil, hypovitaminosis A constitutes a serious public health problem. There is lack of information available to the population about the dietary sources of carotenoids and factors affecting their bioavailability. The carotenoids also known as bioactive compounds have been associated with the reduction of the risk for degenerative diseases, such as cancer (modulators of immunological responses), cardiovascular diseases, macular degeneration and cataract. In Brazil the utilization of buriti fruit is not widespread; it is consumed only by the local population of some parts of the North and Central regions. Among those foods, out the foods of buritizeiro, the buriti has the highest content of β-carotene among the numerous foods already analyzed, as well as a source of oleic fatty acid, similar to olive oil. The buriti fruit provides the needs of DRI.s (Dietary Reference Intake) of vitamin A for adult, being a good source of nutrition, knowing the variety of foods that composes a balanced diet. Also, the buriti fruit is a natural source of β-carotene (provitamin A). Also, it has antioxidant power by having carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamin C compared to other vegetables, can be considered a functional food