Neuronal Autophagy and Prion Proteins

43 page(s

Prion Proteins and Neuronal Death in the Cerebellum

The cellular prion protein, a major player in the neuropathology of prion diseases, is believed to control both death and survival pathways in central neurons. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these functions remain to be deciphered. This chapter presents cytopathological studies of the neurotoxic effects of infectious prions and cellular prion protein-deficiency on cerebellar neurons in wild-type and transgenic mice. The immunochemical and electron microscopy data collected in situ and ex vivo in cultured organotypic cerebellar slices indicate that an interplay between apoptotic and autophagic pathways is involved in neuronal death induced either by the infectious prions or by prion protein-deficiency

Neuronal death and prion diseases

La conversion conformationnelle de la protéine prion cellulaire PrPC neuroprotectrice en protéine prion PrPSc infectieuse et pathogène caractérise les maladies à prions. Dans le cerveau infecté par les prions, la perte de PrPC, le gain de PrPSc neurotoxique et l’inflammation concourent à la mort neuronale par des mécanismes encore mal connus.Ces travaux valident les cultures organotypiques de cervelet de souris comme système expérimental ex vivo favorable à l’étude de ces mécanismes et montrent que l’absence de PrPC aussi bien que PrPSc activent des mécanismes apoptotiques et autophagiques qui conduisent à la mort des cellules de Purkinje du cervelet. Une deuxième étude in situ chez la souris montre que la compartimentation anatomo-fonctionnelle du cervelet est un paramètre endogène de la pathogenèse des prions de tremblante 22L. Une troisième série d’expériences in situ montre que les prions provoquent l’augmentation du récepteur TNFR1 de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire TNF-α à la membrane des astrocytes enveloppant les synapses excitatrices des cellules de Purkinje dans le cortex cérébelleux de souris infectées. Ceci implique une composante astrocytaire dans la réaction des complexes synaptiques aux prions.The conversion of the protective cellular prion protein PrPC into an infectious, neurotoxic conformer PrPSc is a feature of prion diseases. In the prion-diseased brain, the loss of PrPC, the production of pathogenic PrPSc and inflammation contribute to neuronal death by still unknown mechanisms.The present results validate cerebellar organotypic cultures as a valuable experimental system to study ex vivo these mechanisms and provide insight into the apoptotic and autophagic processes activated by the absence of PrPC in Prnp-deficient mice and by PrPSc prions and lead to the death of the cerebellar Purkinje cells. A second line of research in situ showed that the anatomo-functional compartmentation of the mouse cerebellum is an endogenous parameter of the pathogenesis of the 22L scrapie prions. Finally, another in situ approach revealed that prions increase the levels of TNFR1, a receptor for the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α at the membrane of the astrocytes enveloping Purkinje cell excitatory synapses in the cerebellar cortex of infected mice. This implies that the response of synaptic complexes to prions involves a glial component

Mort neuronale et maladies à prions

The conversion of the protective cellular prion protein PrPC into an infectious, neurotoxic conformer PrPSc is a feature of prion diseases. In the prion-diseased brain, the loss of PrPC, the production of pathogenic PrPSc and inflammation contribute to neuronal death by still unknown mechanisms.The present results validate cerebellar organotypic cultures as a valuable experimental system to study ex vivo these mechanisms and provide insight into the apoptotic and autophagic processes activated by the absence of PrPC in Prnp-deficient mice and by PrPSc prions and lead to the death of the cerebellar Purkinje cells. A second line of research in situ showed that the anatomo-functional compartmentation of the mouse cerebellum is an endogenous parameter of the pathogenesis of the 22L scrapie prions. Finally, another in situ approach revealed that prions increase the levels of TNFR1, a receptor for the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α at the membrane of the astrocytes enveloping Purkinje cell excitatory synapses in the cerebellar cortex of infected mice. This implies that the response of synaptic complexes to prions involves a glial component.La conversion conformationnelle de la protéine prion cellulaire PrPC neuroprotectrice en protéine prion PrPSc infectieuse et pathogène caractérise les maladies à prions. Dans le cerveau infecté par les prions, la perte de PrPC, le gain de PrPSc neurotoxique et l’inflammation concourent à la mort neuronale par des mécanismes encore mal connus.Ces travaux valident les cultures organotypiques de cervelet de souris comme système expérimental ex vivo favorable à l’étude de ces mécanismes et montrent que l’absence de PrPC aussi bien que PrPSc activent des mécanismes apoptotiques et autophagiques qui conduisent à la mort des cellules de Purkinje du cervelet. Une deuxième étude in situ chez la souris montre que la compartimentation anatomo-fonctionnelle du cervelet est un paramètre endogène de la pathogenèse des prions de tremblante 22L. Une troisième série d’expériences in situ montre que les prions provoquent l’augmentation du récepteur TNFR1 de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire TNF-α à la membrane des astrocytes enveloppant les synapses excitatrices des cellules de Purkinje dans le cortex cérébelleux de souris infectées. Ceci implique une composante astrocytaire dans la réaction des complexes synaptiques aux prions

Neuronal death and prion diseases

La conversion conformationnelle de la protéine prion cellulaire PrPC neuroprotectrice en protéine prion PrPSc infectieuse et pathogène caractérise les maladies à prions. Dans le cerveau infecté par les prions, la perte de PrPC, le gain de PrPSc neurotoxique et l’inflammation concourent à la mort neuronale par des mécanismes encore mal connus.Ces travaux valident les cultures organotypiques de cervelet de souris comme système expérimental ex vivo favorable à l’étude de ces mécanismes et montrent que l’absence de PrPC aussi bien que PrPSc activent des mécanismes apoptotiques et autophagiques qui conduisent à la mort des cellules de Purkinje du cervelet. Une deuxième étude in situ chez la souris montre que la compartimentation anatomo-fonctionnelle du cervelet est un paramètre endogène de la pathogenèse des prions de tremblante 22L. Une troisième série d’expériences in situ montre que les prions provoquent l’augmentation du récepteur TNFR1 de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire TNF-α à la membrane des astrocytes enveloppant les synapses excitatrices des cellules de Purkinje dans le cortex cérébelleux de souris infectées. Ceci implique une composante astrocytaire dans la réaction des complexes synaptiques aux prions.The conversion of the protective cellular prion protein PrPC into an infectious, neurotoxic conformer PrPSc is a feature of prion diseases. In the prion-diseased brain, the loss of PrPC, the production of pathogenic PrPSc and inflammation contribute to neuronal death by still unknown mechanisms.The present results validate cerebellar organotypic cultures as a valuable experimental system to study ex vivo these mechanisms and provide insight into the apoptotic and autophagic processes activated by the absence of PrPC in Prnp-deficient mice and by PrPSc prions and lead to the death of the cerebellar Purkinje cells. A second line of research in situ showed that the anatomo-functional compartmentation of the mouse cerebellum is an endogenous parameter of the pathogenesis of the 22L scrapie prions. Finally, another in situ approach revealed that prions increase the levels of TNFR1, a receptor for the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α at the membrane of the astrocytes enveloping Purkinje cell excitatory synapses in the cerebellar cortex of infected mice. This implies that the response of synaptic complexes to prions involves a glial component

New insights into Purkinje cell death mechanisms from organotypic cultures of prion protein-deficient cerebellum of Zch1 and Ngsk PrnP-/- transgenic mice

Current evidence clearly supports the promotion of neuronal survival as a main physiological function of the cellular prion protein PrPc, whereas the ectopic neuronal expression of its homologue Doppel (Dpl) leads to progressive cerebellar Purkinje cell death in prion protein-deficient Ngsk mice (NP0/0). Dpl neurotoxicity involves Bax-dependent apoptotic pathways, as well as other yet to be characterized cell death mechanisms in the NP0/0 Purkinje cells. Indeed, these neurons display increased amounts of several autophagy-related proteins such as the scrapie-responsive gene one (Scrg1), LC3B-II and p62, without any changes in their mRNA levels. In addition, autolysosomes accumulate in all neuronal compartments including axon terminals. These results suggest that Dpl toxicity impairs the autophagic flux, which may in turn trigger neuronal apoptosis, similar to that observed in other neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer and prion diseases. In order to develop new therapies against neurodegenerative diseases, the interplay between multiple cell death pathways needs to be investigated in cellular and animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. For these reasons, we are examining autophagic events in the NP0/0 Purkinje cells rescued from neuronal death by Bax knock-out in the cerebellum of (Bax-/-; NP0/0) double mutant mice in order to determine if distinct mechanisms i.e. Bax-dependent apoptosis and autophagy, operate in these neurons. We are presently comparing the survival and development of Dpl-expressing, prion protein-deficient NP0/0 Purkinje cells with that of prion proteindeficient Zch1 Purkinje cells in cerebellar organotypic cultures. This study will enable us to distinguish specific toxic effects of prion protein deficiency from that of Dpl itself. Furthermore, the effects of autophagy-specific agents on Purkinje cell survival can be tested in this model.2 page(s

Pathogenic mutation in the ALS/FTD gene, CCNF, causes elevated Lys48‑linked ubiquitylation and defective autophagy

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that have common molecular and pathogenic characteristics, such as aberrant accumulation and ubiquitylation of TDP-43; however, the mechanisms that drive this process remain poorly understood. We have recently identified CCNF mutations in familial and sporadic ALS and FTD patients. CCNF encodes cyclin F, a component of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (SCFcyclin F) complex that is responsible for ubiquitylating proteins for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In this study, we examined the ALS/FTD-causing p.Ser621Gly (p.S621G) mutation in cyclin F and its effect upon downstream Lys48-specific ubiquitylation in transfected Neuro-2A and SH-SY5Y cells. Expression of mutant cyclin FS621G caused increased Lys48-specific ubiquitylation of proteins in neuronal cells compared to cyclin FWT. Proteomic analysis of immunoprecipitated Lys48-ubiquitylated proteins from mutant cyclin FS621G-expressing cells identified proteins that clustered within the autophagy pathway, including sequestosome-1 (p62/SQSTM1), heat shock proteins, and chaperonin complex components. Examination of autophagy markers p62, LC3, and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (Lamp2) in cells expressing mutant cyclin FS621G revealed defects in the autophagy pathway specifically resulting in impairment in autophagosomal-lysosome fusion. This finding highlights a potential mechanism by which cyclin F interacts with p62, the receptor responsible for transporting ubiquitylated substrates for autophagic degradation. These findings demonstrate that ALS/FTD-causing mutant cyclin FS621G disrupts Lys48-specific ubiquitylation, leading to accumulation of substrates and defects in the autophagic machinery. This study also demonstrates that a single missense mutation in cyclin F causes hyper-ubiquitylation of proteins that can indirectly impair the autophagy degradation pathway, which is implicated in ALS pathogenesis

Protein quality control and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia continuum

Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, has an important regulatory role in cellular function. Protein quality control mechanisms, including protein folding and protein degradation processes, have a crucial function in post-mitotic neurons. Cellular protein quality control relies on multiple strategies, including molecular chaperones, autophagy, the ubiquitin proteasome system, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) and the formation of stress granules (SGs), to regulate proteostasis. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the presence of misfolded protein aggregates, implying that protein quality control mechanisms are dysfunctional in these conditions. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative diseases that are now recognized to overlap clinically and pathologically, forming a continuous disease spectrum. In this review article, we detail the evidence for dysregulation of protein quality control mechanisms across the whole ALS-FTD continuum, by discussing the major proteins implicated in ALS and/or FTD. We also discuss possible ways in which protein quality mechanisms could be targeted therapeutically in these disorders and highlight promising protein quality control-based therapeutics for clinical trials

PDK1 decreases TACE-mediated alpha-secretase activity and promotes disease progression in prion and Alzheimer's diseases

α-secretase–mediated cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) precludes formation of neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, and α-cleavage of cellular prion protein (PrPC) prevents its conversion into misfolded, pathogenic prions (PrPSc). The mechanisms leading to decreased α-secretase activity in Alzheimer's and prion disease remain unclear. Here, we find that tumor necrosis factor-α–converting enzyme (TACE)-mediated α-secretase activity is impaired at the surface of neurons infected with PrPSc or isolated from APP-transgenic mice with amyloid pathology. 3-phosphoinositide–dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) activity is increased in neurons infected with prions or affected by Aβ deposition and in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. PDK1 induces phosphorylation and caveolin-1–mediated internalization of TACE. This dysregulation of TACE increases PrPSc and Aβ accumulation and reduces shedding of TNF-α receptor type 1 (TNFR1). Inhibition of PDK1 promotes localization of TACE to the plasma membrane, restores TACE-dependent α-secretase activity and cleavage of APP, PrPC and TNFR1, and attenuates PrPSc- and Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. In mice, inhibition or siRNA-mediated silencing of PDK1 extends survival and reduces motor impairment following PrPSc infection and in APP-transgenic mice reduces Alzheimer's disease-like pathology and memory impairment.8 page(s

ALS/FTD-associated mutation in cyclin F inhibits ER-Golgi trafficking, inducing ER stress, ERAD and Golgi fragmentation

Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severely debilitating neurodegenerative condition that is part of the same disease spectrum as frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Mutations in the CCNF gene, encoding cyclin F, are present in both sporadic and familial ALS and FTD. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration remain unclear. Proper functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus compartments is essential for normal physiological activities and to maintain cellular viability. Here, we demonstrate that ALS/FTD-associated variant cyclin FS621G inhibits secretory protein transport from the ER to Golgi apparatus, by a mechanism involving dysregulation of COPII vesicles at ER exit sites. Consistent with this finding, cyclin FS621G also induces fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus and activates ER stress, ER-associated degradation, and apoptosis. Induction of Golgi fragmentation and ER stress were confirmed with a second ALS/FTD variant cyclin FS195R, and in cortical primary neurons. Hence, this study provides novel insights into pathogenic mechanisms associated with ALS/FTD-variant cyclin F, involving perturbations to both secretory protein trafficking and ER-Golgi homeostasis