Contributions of the MyD88-Dependent Receptors IL-18R, IL-1R, and TLR9 to Host Defenses following Pulmonary Challenge with Cryptococcus neoformans

Signaling via the adapter protein, MyD88, is important in the host defense against Cryptococcus neoformans infection. While certain Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can enhance the clearance of Cryptococcus, the contributions of MyD88-dependent, TLR-independent pathways have not been fully investigated. We examined the roles of IL-1R and IL-18R in vivo by challenging C57BL/6 mice with a lethal strain of Cryptococcus. We found that the absence of IL-18R, but not IL-1R, causes a shift in the survival curve following pulmonary delivery of a virulent strain of C. neoformans (H99). Specifically, IL-18R-deficient mice have significantly shorter median survival times compared to wild-type mice following infection. Cytokine analysis of lung homogenates revealed that deficiency of IL-IR, IL-18R, or MyD88 is associated with diminished lung levels of IL-1β. In order to compare these findings with those related to TLR-deficiency, we studied the effects of TLR9-deficiency and found that deficiency of TLR9 also affects the survival curve of mice following challenge with C. neoformans. Yet the lungs from infected TLR9-deficient mice have robust levels of IL-1β. In summary, we found that multiple signaling components can contribute the MyD88-dependent host responses to cryptococcal infection in vivo and each drives distinct pulmonary responses

Promotion of physical activity for older people with musculoskeletal conditions

Many older adults have musculoskeletal conditions that can act as a substantial barrier to physical activity. Older people, and some health professionals, may be concerned that participating in exercise programmes or completing other physical activities may cause or exacerbate symptoms associated with existing musculoskeletal conditions. However, in most cases, there are safe exercise-based interventions that have potential to improve function and general health without undue risk. This chapter discusses several groups of musculoskeletal conditions that are prevalent among older adults and provides a practical case study as well as some points for broader consideration

Principles of Rehabilitation in Male Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis represents an important issue for men with a growing burden for public health system. About 40% of new osteoporotic fractures occur in men with more severe consequences in comparison with women. Indeed, disability and mortality as results from hip fractures are significantly higher in men than those reported in women, due to a higher comorbidity burden in male population. An adequate assessment of these patients has to include the evaluation of physical performance (muscle strength, coordination, agility, and balance) and personal and environmental risk factors. Physical activity, in association with pharmacological approach and nutrition, is a cornerstone as a strategy of primary and secondary prevention for fragility fractures. Rehabilitation plan after fragility fracture based on targeted exercises is mandatory for a full physical recovery and a better functional outcome