Etat des Lieux de L’architecture et de L’urbanisme Bioclimatique dans L’aménagement Urbain de la Ville de Lomé au Togo

La ville de Lomé connait depuis plus de quatre décennies une urbanisation relativement galopante qui paralyse sa durabilité. Les pratiques de construction constituent un axe important de lecture de cette entrave à la durabilité. En effet, l’on constate que la majorité des projets d’aménagement urbain de la ville de Lomé prennent des formes hétéroclites avec un mimétisme à outrance de l’aménagement urbain des villes européennes et celles des autres continents. L’on se pose alors la question de savoir en quoi les pratiques architecturales et urbanistiques de construction qui ne sont pas forcément endogènes peuvent entraver la durabilité urbaine. Pour appréhender la question, la posture méthodologique est transdisciplinaire et encré dans l’approche qualitative. Il ressort suivant une analyse chronologique que, avant et pendant la colonisation l’architecture et l’urbanisme de ces périodes prennent en compte, l’aménagement bioclimatique. Toutefois, les pratiques de construction après les années 1960 sont peut respectueuses de l’environnement et ne respectent pas les principes de l’urbanisme et de l’architecture bioclimatiques. Ces pratiques compromettent la durabilité urbaine dans la ville de Lomé.   The city of Lomé has been experiencing a rapid urbanization for more than four decades, which paralyzes its sustainability. Construction practices constitute an important axis for reading this obstacle to sustainability. Indeed, it is noted that the majority of urban development projects in the city of Lomé take heterogeneous forms with excessive mimicry of the urban development of European cities and those of other continents. The question then arises as to how architectural and urban construction practices that are not necessarily endogenous can hinder urban sustainability. In order to apprehend the question, the methodological posture is transdisciplinary and rooted in the qualitative approach. It emerges from a chronological analysis that, before and during colonization, the architecture and urban planning of these periods take into account bioclimatic planning. However, building practices after the 1960s are not environmentally friendly and do not respect the principles of bioclimatic urbanism and architecture. These practices compromise urban sustainability in the city of Lomé

IN VITRO MICROPROPAGATION OF NAUCLEA DIDERRICHII (DE WILD &T. DURAND) MERRILL: EFFECT OF NODES POSITION ON PLANTLETS GROWTH AND ROOTING

In tissue culture, the reactivity of explants in culture depends on their position on mother –plant or their physiological development level. This study aims to determine the regenerative potentialities of nodes according to their position for suitable in vitro micropropagation of N. diderrichii’s seedlings. Thus the effect of uninodal explants position of Nauclea diderrichii on seedling growth and rooting was studied in vitro. Three types of nodes (apical, middle and basal node) excised from two months old seedlings were tested using Woody Plant Medium (WPM) containing 30 g/L of sucrose and solidified with agar-agar at 8 g/L. The mean number of roots and shoots per plant was scored as well as the shoots and roots length was measured after six weeks of culture. Apical nodes produced seedlings with highest number of roots (6.80 ± 2.44 roots / plant) followed by basal (5.70 ± 2.68 roots / plant) and middle nodes (4.50 ± 2.12 roots / plant). But middle and basal nodes produced the best number of shoots (1.90 ±0.31 shoots / plantlet) than that obtained with apical nodes (1.30 ±0.57 shoots / plantlet). Seedlings obtained from apical nodes expressed efficient growth (4.70 ± 1.70 cm) compared to the middle (2.18 ± 0.97 cm) and basal nodes (2.33 ± 1.08 cm). So, for a rapid in vitro production of N. diderrichii’s seedlings, apical nodes of in vitro plants are more suitable

Etat des Lieux de L’architecture et de L’urbanisme Bioclimatique dans L’aménagement Urbain de la Ville de Lomé au Togo

La ville de Lomé connait depuis plus de quatre décennies une urbanisation relativement galopante qui paralyse sa durabilité. Les pratiques de construction constituent un axe important de lecture de cette entrave à la durabilité. En effet, l’on constate que la majorité des projets d’aménagement urbain de la ville de Lomé prennent des formes hétéroclites avec un mimétisme à outrance de l’aménagement urbain des villes européennes et celles des autres continents. L’on se pose alors la question de savoir en quoi les pratiques architecturales et urbanistiques de construction qui ne sont pas forcément endogènes peuvent entraver la durabilité urbaine. Pour appréhender la question, la posture méthodologique est transdisciplinaire et encré dans l’approche qualitative. Il ressort suivant une analyse chronologique que, avant et pendant la colonisation l’architecture et l’urbanisme de ces périodes prennent en compte, l’aménagement bioclimatique. Toutefois, les pratiques de construction après les années 1960 sont peut respectueuses de l’environnement et ne respectent pas les principes de l’urbanisme et de l’architecture bioclimatiques. Ces pratiques compromettent la durabilité urbaine dans la ville de Lomé.   The city of Lomé has been experiencing a rapid urbanization for more than four decades, which paralyzes its sustainability. Construction practices constitute an important axis for reading this obstacle to sustainability. Indeed, it is noted that the majority of urban development projects in the city of Lomé take heterogeneous forms with excessive mimicry of the urban development of European cities and those of other continents. The question then arises as to how architectural and urban construction practices that are not necessarily endogenous can hinder urban sustainability. In order to apprehend the question, the methodological posture is transdisciplinary and rooted in the qualitative approach. It emerges from a chronological analysis that, before and during colonization, the architecture and urban planning of these periods take into account bioclimatic planning. However, building practices after the 1960s are not environmentally friendly and do not respect the principles of bioclimatic urbanism and architecture. These practices compromise urban sustainability in the city of Lomé

IN VITRO MICROPROPAGATION OF NAUCLEA DIDERRICHII (DE WILD &T. DURAND) MERRILL: EFFECT OF NODES POSITION ON PLANTLETS GROWTH AND ROOTING

In tissue culture, the reactivity of explants in culture depends on their position on mother –plant or their physiological development level. This study aims to determine the regenerative potentialities of nodes according to their position for suitable in vitro micropropagation of N. diderrichii’s seedlings. Thus the effect of uninodal explants position of Nauclea diderrichii on seedling growth and rooting was studied in vitro. Three types of nodes (apical, middle and basal node) excised from two months old seedlings were tested using Woody Plant Medium (WPM) containing 30 g/L of sucrose and solidified with agar-agar at 8 g/L. The mean number of roots and shoots per plant was scored as well as the shoots and roots length was measured after six weeks of culture. Apical nodes produced seedlings with highest number of roots (6.80 ± 2.44 roots / plant) followed by basal (5.70 ± 2.68 roots / plant) and middle nodes (4.50 ± 2.12 roots / plant). But middle and basal nodes produced the best number of shoots (1.90 ±0.31 shoots / plantlet) than that obtained with apical nodes (1.30 ±0.57 shoots / plantlet). Seedlings obtained from apical nodes expressed efficient growth (4.70 ± 1.70 cm) compared to the middle (2.18 ± 0.97 cm) and basal nodes (2.33 ± 1.08 cm). So, for a rapid in vitro production of N. diderrichii’s seedlings, apical nodes of in vitro plants are more suitable

Comparison of in vitro morphogenetic capacities of different clones of three local cultivars of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) from Togo

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is an hexaploide plant with complex incompatibility that reduces chances of self-fertilization. In vitro culture of sweet potato by means of biotechnological approaches is an advantage for its study and variety improvement. Three sweet potato cultivars from Togo: Damadoami, Tombolo, Nagohé were grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with or without indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and the morphogenetic properties of the plantlets obtained were compared. Uninodal stem explants were used. The reactivity of explants grown on MS differed according to the cultivar and the clone. Addition of IBA induced embryogenesis and root neoformations. The growth depended on the genotype, the clone, and the cultivar. The cultivar Damadoami was the most reactive on MS medium. Plantlets were acclimated easily and can be transferred to the fieldKeywords: Tuberous root, in vitro, morphogenesis, neoformations, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), Togo.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(29), pp. 4648-465

MICROPROPAGATION ET RHIZOGENESE IN VITRO CHEZ NAUCLEA LATIFOLIA SMITH (RUBIACEAE)

To contribute to environmental protection and to reduce the rarefaction of the Nauclea latifolia, micropropagation and production of roots in vitro were undertaken. In this work, the young seedlings used were obtained from in vitro germination of seeds. Two culture media, MS and WPM, gave identical results. Benzylaminopurine (BAP) induces shoots proliferation and Indol-butyric acid (IBA) promotes roots proliferation. Activated charcoal inhibits the rhizogenesis. IBA 19,68 μM induces cal formation from foliar fragments. Callus obtained with Naphtalen-acetic acid (NAA) 2,68 -5,37 – 10,74 and 21,48 μM initiate roots

Phase transitions in a two-species model for cell segregation and logistic growth

We study a model of cell segregation in a population composed of two cell types. Starting from a model initially proposed in [3], we aim to understand the impact of a cell division process on the system’s segregation abilities. The original model describes a population of spherical cells interacting with their close neighbors by means of a repulsion potential and which centers are subject to Brownian motion. Here, we add a stochastic birth-death process in the agent-based model, that approaches a logistic growth term in the continuum limit. We address the linear stability of the spatially homogeneous steady states of the macroscopic model and obtain a precise criterion for the phase transition, which links the system segregation ability to the model parameters. By comparing the criterion with the one obtained without logistic growth, we show that the system’s segregation ability is the result of a complex interplay between logistic growth, diffusion and mechanical repulsive interactions. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the results obtained at the microscopic scale

Analysis of the equilibrium phase in immune-controlled tumors predicts best strategies for cancer treatment

Extensive research and clinical trials have improved our understanding of tumor immunology but despite considerable clinical benefits, current immunotherapies only provide durable responses in a minority of patients. The challenge is to identify key biological parameters preventing immune escape and maintaining an equilibrium state characterized by a stable subclinical tumor mass. Based on a space and size structured partial differential equation model, we developed numerical methods to predict the parameters of the equilibrium without running simulations of the evolution problem. By using global sensitivity analysis methods, we identified the elimination rate of tumor cells by immune cells as the leading parameter influencing the equilibrium size of the tumor and combined therapies that sustain and strengthen the anti-tumor immune response as most effective. Applied to the biological parameters that define a cancer type, such numerical investigation can provide hints for the design and optimization of cancer treatments. Significance: Based on a space and size structured PDE model, the analyses of the equilibrium phase in immune surveillance of cancer provide numerical methods to evaluate the influence of immune response and tumor growth parameters and hints for the design and optimization of cancer treatments

Network meta-analysis of immune-oncology monotherapy as first-line treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in patients with PD-L1 expression ⩾50%

Background: For patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and high (⩾50%) programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, effective first-line immune-oncology monotherapies with significant survival benefits are approved, cemiplimab being the most recent. In a phase III trial, cemiplimab demonstrated significantly improved overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC and PD-L1 ⩾50%. A systematic literature review and network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted to identify/compare the efficacy/safety of cemiplimab versus pembrolizumab or other immune-oncology monotherapies from randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) published in November 2010–2020. Methods: Relevant RCTs were identified by searching databases and conference proceedings as per ISPOR, NICE, and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. NMA with time-varying hazard ratios (HRs) was performed for OS and PFS. Analyses were conducted for objective response rate (ORR) and safety/tolerability. Fixed-effect models were used due to limited evidence. Various sensitivity analyses were conducted to validate the base case analyses. Results: The feasibility assessment determined that EMPOWER-Lung 1, KEYNOTE-024, and KEYNOTE-042 trials were eligible. IMpower110 was excluded because an incompatible PD-L1 assay (SP142) was used for patient selection. For first-line advanced NSCLC with PD-L1 ⩾50%, cemiplimab was associated with statistically significant improvements in PFS [HR (95% credible interval [CrI]): 0.65 (0.50–0.86), 1–12 months] and ORR [odds ratio (OR) (95% CrI): 1.64 (1.04–2.62)], and comparable OS [HR (95% CrI): 0.77 (0.54–1.10), 1–12 months] versus pembrolizumab. There was no evidence of differences between cemiplimab and pembrolizumab for Grade 3–5 adverse events (AEs) [OR (95% CrI): 1.47 (0.83–2.60)], immune-mediated AEs [1.75 (0.33–7.49)], and all-cause discontinuation due to AEs [1.21 (0.58–2.61)]. Conclusions: Considering the limitations of indirect treatment comparisons, in patients with advanced NSCLC and PD-L1 ⩾50%, cemiplimab monotherapy demonstrated significant improvements in PFS and ORR, comparable OS, and no evidence of differences in safety/tolerability versus pembrolizumab