Pengaruh Parameter Proses Freis Terhadap Kekasaran Permukaan Baja Karbon Fasa Ganda

Dual phase is a new structure at low or medium carbon steel. The structure is obtained from the heating of low or medium carbon steel in the region α + γ (temperatures between A1-A3), then follow by holding process within a certain time and cooled quickly (quench) in water,brine or oil. The result has a microstructure of martensite and ferrite as well as a few otherstructures. The steel usually has high tensile strength, good elongation and there is no discontinuity yield. The problem is how the influence of parameters milling process on surface roughness the dual phase carbon steel The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome Freis CNC cutting conditions due to the formation process of double and tempering phase that begins with the process of forging (forging) on carbon steel .This study used AISI1045 steel Ø16mm x 150mm diameter, which was forged at a temperature of 950oC-900oC to form a rectangular cross section with a size of 10mm x 16mm x 180mm. Dual-phase heating was continued at a temperature of 770ºC, arrested at 90 'and cooled rapidly in oil , followed by atempering process 600⁰C/30 '. The process of cutting was done by cutting finishing with feeding 0.12; 0.14; 0.16 mm / put and depth of cut 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 mm while roughing cuts by feeding 0.2;0.4; 0.6 mm / put and depth of cut 1.2, 1.4;a1.6amm .The result Depth of cut can affect the deflection. The deflection could be increased by increasing the depth of cut. The results obtained increase the level of surface roughness. On the depth of cut 0.4 mm with feeding 0:16mm / put the value obtained average roughness Ra 0.64 μm, including group N6 roughness when compared with 0.8 mm depth of cut with the same feeding value of average roughness Ra 1.08 μm including N7. Surface roughness increased by feeding could affect the feeding of 0.12 mm / put and 0.16 mm / put, 0.2 mm / put and 0.6 mm /put because the distance from the cutting peak roughness increases, so the roughness of the rough and the process of finishing cuts on carbon steel dual phase is more subtle than on the untreated carbon steel with the same cutting parameters

Functional identification of an Arabidopsis pectin biosynthetic homogalacturonan galacturonosyltransferase

Galacturonosyltransferases (GalATs) are required for the synthesis of pectin, a family of complex polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all land plants. We report the identification of a pectin GalAT (GAUT1) using peptide sequences obtained from Arabidopsis thaliana proteins partially purified for homogalacturonan (HG) α-1,4-GalAT activity. Transient expression of GAUT1 cDNA in the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 yielded uridine diphosphogalacturonic acid:GalAT activity. Polyclonal antibodies generated against GAUT1 immunoabsorbed HG α-1,4-GalAT activity from Arabidopsis solubilized membrane proteins. blast analysis of the Arabidopsis genome identified a family of 25 genes with high sequence similarity to GAUT1 and homologous genes in other dicots, in rice, and in Physcomitrella. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic Bayesian analysis of the Arabidopsis GAUT1-related gene family separates them into four related clades of GAUT and GAUT-like genes that are distinct from the other Arabidopsis members of glycosyltransferase family 8. The identification of GAUT1 as a HG GalAT and of the GAUT1-related gene family provides the genetic and biochemical tools required to study the function of these genes in pectin synthesis

Networks of Waste: Informal Economic Systems and Sustainability in Bali, Indonesia

This article examines solid waste management in Badung Regency, Bali. It argues that current conventional centralised and decentralised solid waste management approaches are not proving effective and fail to cater to the needs of the majority of the population, particularly poorer communities. In contrast, it was found that informal waste networks achieved higher standards of economic efficiency, service coverage and resource recovery, contributing both to environmental protection and livelihoods. Much can be learned by planners in developing nations from these 'networks of waste', and in building upon the economic and environmental principles and behaviour around which informal waste networks function.

Birth interval and family effects on postneonatal mortality from Brazil

In this paper random-effects logistic models are used to analyze the effects of the preceding birth interval on postneonatal mortality in Brazil, controlling for the correlation of survival outcomes between siblings. The results are compared to those obtained by using ordinary logistic regression. Family effects are found to be highly significant in the random-effects model, but the substantive conclusions of the ordinary logistic model are preserved. In particular, birth interval effects remain highly significan