Utjecaj posmične brzine i dodatka za obradu drva na hrapavost površine jelovine, topolovine i bukovine obrađenih blanjanjem

The roughness of the machined surface is a crucial factor in the woodworking process because it influences the quality of future operations like gluing, sanding, pressing, surface treatment and protection, and assembly. The quality of the machined surface is determined by a number of machining process parameters as well as material properties, and their proper selection and optimization will yield the best results. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how specific parameters and wood species affect surface roughness. In the experiment, three species of wood: beech (Fagus sylvatica), fir (Abies alba), and poplar (Populus alba) with the same moisture content were used, and combinations of feed speed (5 and 8 m/min) and cutting depth (2 and 4 mm) were created. The processing was done on a wood planer (thickener) machine of the SD-B-510 series manufactured by RoblandMachines Belgium. Following that, roughness measurements of Ra, Rz, Rt, and Rq were taken with a focus on the mean deviation of the profile Ra, and an analysis of the results was presented, revealing that different roughness values are obtained with the same processing parameters depending on the wood species. The difference between the greatest (5.36 μm) and lowest (2.41μm) roughness values (Ra) for beech is 2.95 μm, 1.25 μm for poplar, and 1.34 μm for fir.Hrapavost obrađene površine ključni je čimbenik u procesu obrade drva jer utječe na kvalitetu naknadnih postupaka poput lijepljenja, brušenja, prešanja, površinske obrade, zaštite i montaže. Kvaliteta obrađene površine određena je brojnim parametrima obrade i svojstvima materijala, a njihovim pravilnim odabirom i optimizacijom postižu se najbolji rezultati. Svrha ovog članka jest pokazati kako specifični parametri i vrsta drva utječu na hrapavost površine obrađene blanjanjem. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorcima od bukovine (Fagus sylvatica), jelovine (Abies alba) i topolovine (Populus alba) te uz kombinaciju dviju posmičnih brzina (5 i 8 m/min) te dvaju dodataka za obradu blanjanjem (2 i 4 mm). Obrada je provedena na blanjalici (debljači) proizvođača Robland Machines (serija SD-B-510) iz Belgije. Nakon toga izmjereni su parametri hrapavosti Ra, Rz, Rt i Rq, s fokusom na srednjem odstupanju profila Ra. Analiza rezultata pokazala je da se različite vrijednosti hrapavosti dobivaju pri jednakim parametrima obrade za različite vrste drva. Razlika između najveće (5,36 μm) i najmanje (2,42 μm) vrijednosti hrapavosti (Ra) za bukovinu je iznosila 2,95 μm, za topolovinu 1,95 μm, a za jelovinu 1,34 μm

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Expression in the Genital Tract of Female Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Der Arylhydrocarbon-Rezeptor (AhR) ist ein Ligand-aktivierter Transkriptionsfaktor. Er wurde als Vermittler für die toxischen Wirkungen von Dioxinen und polychlorierten Biphenylen (PCB) 1976 entdeckt. Außer exogenen Liganden wie Dioxinen und PCB wurde in letzter Zeit eine zunehmende Liste von endogenen Liganden beschrieben. Der AhR und sein Heterodimerisierungspartner ARNT sind in Embryonen, Feten und in den Geweben des Genitaltraktes gefunden worden. Die Rolle dieser Transkriptionsfaktoren in der Reproduktion und Fertilität sowie die genaue Regulation der Expression sind noch nicht bekannt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Expression und Ko-Lokalisation von AhR und ARNT auf der Proteinebene im weiblichen Genitaltrakt des Kaninchens (Vagina, Uterus, Eileiter, Ovar) in verschiedenen Phasen der Frühgravidität immunhistochemisch untersucht. Nicht gravide, gravide und pseudogravide Kaninchen wurden während der Präimplantationsphase, d.h. bis zum 6. Tag p.c. bzw. p.o., untersucht. Im nicht graviden Uterus war der AhR im Zytoplasma des Cavumepithels streng apikal vom Zellkern lokalisiert. Die anderen Gewebe der Uteruswand waren immunnegativ. Dieses Expressionsmuster wird als die inaktive Form des AhR-Komplexes gewertet. Am Tag 3 und 4 der Gravidität kam es im Cavum- und Uterusdrüsenepithel zu deutlichen Veränderungen mit einer (i) diffus zytoplasmatischen Lokalisation, die nicht mehr auf das Zytoplasma apikal des Zellkerns beschränkt war, und (ii) nuklären Färbung. Diese Veränderungen waren von einer ebenso deutlichen Endometriumproliferation begleitet. Sie wird als Hochregulation bzw. Aktivierung des AhR/ARNT-Komplexes im Rahmen der frühschwangerschaftlichen Endometriumtransformation interpretiert. Weitere Veränderungen im Expressionsmuster kurz vor der Implantation (Tag 6) waren immunnegative Symplasmen im Cavumepithel und die Expression von AhR und ARNT in den Stromazellen. Das Expressionsmuster im Uterus von pseudograviden und graviden Kaninchen war gleich, so dass die Expression des AhR offensichtlich durch maternale Sexualsteroidhormone kontrolliert wird. Diese Sicht wird durch Studien an Hormon-behandelten juvenilen weiblichen Kaninchen gestützt (s.u.). Das ARNT-Protein war in allen untersuchten Organen im weiblichen Genitaltrakt des Kaninchens im Zytoplasma und/oder im Kern nachweisbar. Alle Zellen, die den AhR aufwiesen, exprimierten mit Ausnahme der primären Oozyten auch ARNT. Beim ARNT kam es nicht zu Veränderungen in der Lokalisation in den verschiedenen untersuchten Graviditätsphasen. Im Ovar war der AhR in den interstitiellen Zellen und in den Granulosa- und Thekaluteinzellen detektierbar. AhR und ARNT waren bis auf die primären Oozyten in Primordialfollikeln, die AhR-negativ waren, ko-lokalisiert. Der AhR kommt im Eileiter und in der Vagina vor. Im Eileiter zeigt er im Unterschied zur Vagina keine Veränderungen in der Expression während der Frühgravidität. Im Vaginalepithel kam es von einer zytoplasmatischen Lokalisation bei nicht graviden Tieren zu einer nukleären Markierung in den basalen Schichten am 6. Tag der Gravidität. Die Veränderungen in der AhR-Expression und in der endometrialen Proliferation während der Präimplantationsperiode weisen auf eine Regulation der Rezeptorexpression durch die ovariellen Steroidhormone Östrogene und Progesteron hin. Zur Untermauerung dieser These wurden vier Gruppen von juvenilen weiblichen Kaninchen mit estradiol, estradiol und Progesteron oder Progesteron allein behandelt. Zwei verschiedene Progesterondosierungen (0,3 mg/kg und 1,0 mg/kg Lebendgewicht) wurden eingesetzt. Ein unbehandeltes juveniles Kaninchen diente als Kontrolle. Im Vergleich zur Kontrolle führte die Östradiolbehandlung zu einer Hochregulation des AhR im Uterus. Die Expression war wie bei den adulten Kaninchen im Zytoplasma der Cavumepithelzellen lokalisiert. Einige Uterusdrüsenepithelzellen zeigten eine Kernanfärbung. In der estradiol- und Progesteron-behandelten Gruppe kam es zu einer weiteren Hochregulation mit nukleärer und diffus zytoplasmatischer Färbung in der Mehrheit der Epithelzellen. Das Färbemuster in der Gruppe mit 1 mg/kg Progesteron entsprach weitestgehend dem am 6. Tag der Präimplantationsperiode bei adulten Tieren. Es war durch immunnegative luminale Epithelzellen, positive Uterusdrüsenepithelien und Stromazellen mit klarer nukleärer oder diffus zytoplasmatischer Markierung gekennzeichnet. Diese Veränderungen in der AhR-Expression waren von einer deutlichen endometrialen Proliferation begleitet. Die Ergebnisse, die an den juvenilen Uteri gewonnen wurden, zeigen, dass die AhR-Expression durch ovarielle Steroidhormone reguliert wird. Zusammengefasst konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit ein funktionaler AhR/ARNT-Komplex im Genitaltraktepithel in bestimmten Phasen der Frühgravidität beim weiblichen Kaninchen mit immunhistochemischen Methoden aufgezeigt werden. Die Aktivierungsmechanismen und die Rolle, die der AhR/ARNT-Komplex im Fortpflanzungsgeschehen spielt, sind unklar. Es ist jedoch offensichtlich, dass AhR/ARNT an den Hormon-induzierten zellulären Veränderungen in den Geschlechtsorganen während der Frühgravidität beim Säugetier beteiligt ist

Disease Diagnosis Using Android

Disease diagnosis / Medical diagnoses is the process of determining which disease or condition\ud explains a person’s symptoms and signs. It is most often referred to as diagnosis with\ud the medical context being implicit. The information required for diagnosis is typically collected\ud from a case history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care. Diagnosis\ud is often challenging, because many signs and symptoms are non-specific.The term\ud Diagnosis refers to determination of the nature of a cause of a disease.In computer science\ud it is a typically used to determine the cause of symptoms and solutions.Our system enables\ud to deliver health care, diagnose patients,provide therapy,suggest medicines and gives health\ud tips related to users disease.The main aim is to provide expert-based health care to understaffed\ud remote sites and to provide advanced emergency to the user that is using the application

Mapping Change in Spatial Extent and Density of Mangrove Forest at Karachi Coast Using Object Based Image Analysis

Karachi shoreline is more than 135 Km long significant for marine fishery breeding and spawning. During 2005 to 2018 the mangrove forest areas in Karachi increased in extent but declined in density. The main cause of mangrove cover change in this region are coastal region development (port building, industrial area and waterfront project). This study aims to monitor both extent and density changes of mangrove forest at Karachi coast. For this purpose, the Landsat imagery was used of the years 2005 and 2018 covering a span of 14 years. The imageries were processed through Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis. Simultaneously, random sample locations were identified for mapping and validation of mangrove forest extent and density during 2005 to 2018. The sample locations were categorized as dense, normal and sparse classes. In the next step, sample locations were plotted on NDVI images to determine mean, minimum and maximum values for each class of mangrove forest. In the final step, the accuracy assessment was done using Kappa statistics. Results show that overall accuracy of 2018 imagery is better than 2005 Landsat imagery. The overall extent of mangrove forest increased in the past years

In the cost-conscious era: Ilizarov circular frame or uniplanar external fixator for management of complex open tibia shaft fracture, retrospective cohort study from a level-1 trauma center

Objective: External fixation is the most commonly used method for temporary management of open fractures of the Tibial shaft followed by internal fixation. This can also be used as a definitive method of fixation. Ilizarov is more superior and can be the primary and definite option where expertise is available. This study was conducted todetermine the outcome of open tibia shaft fracture treated with either Ilizarov or AO External Fixator.Methods: Anon-commercial retrospective cohort was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi on patients operated for isolated open tibia fractures Gustillo type III (A, B, C) stabilized with external fixation either circular or uniplanar external fixator. These two groups were compared in terms of fracture pattern, healing and complications. For fracture healing, Radiographic union score (RUST) for tibial fractures were used.Results: A total of 93 patients were included in the study. Mean age 36.7 +/- 17.3 years comprising 83 males and 10 females. Circular Fixator was used for 46 whereas 47 were treated with uni-planar fixator. Mean new injury severity score was 21 ± 3.4 for circular fixator group and 26 ± 7 in uniplanar fixator group. Mean time fur fracture healing was 6±1months in circular fixator group and 9 months in Uniplanar Fixator group. Mean RUST score for circular fixator was 9.5±1.2.and of uniplanar it was 7.3±1.0.Conclusions: Circular fixator works as a single stage procedure with acceptable outcomes for Gustilo grade III open tibial shaft fractures as compared to uniplanar external fixator

A comprehensive basic understanding of pelvis and acetabular fractures after high-energy trauma with associated injuries: Narrative review of targeted literature

Acetabular fractures are caused by energy trauma which is high enough to cause such a fracture with incidence of 3 patients / 100000. In older individuals, most commonmechanism of injury is fall and, in younger individuals, road traffic accidents. Acetabular fractures are usually associated with visceral injuries and other musculoskeletal injuries (about 50% of patient). In this narrative review of targeted English literature from all level of evidences, which is written and supervised by experienced specialized orthopedic and trauma surgeons who were among the pioneers of conducting pelvis fracture management workshops in the country, we aim to describe the mechanism of injury, assessment principles and associated injuries, decision-making and preoperative planning and indications of non-operative managements

Application of 3D printing in orthopaedic surgery. A new affordable horizon for cost-conscious care

Application of three-dimensional (3D) printing facilities in orthopaedic surgery is getting popular in resourceconstrained countries. It is cost- and resource-efficient to assist in planning and increasing orthopaedic procedures efficiency. Furthermore, it improves educational training and provides cheaper prosthesis and creation of customised implants for special cases. Moreover, 3D models of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data play a helpful rule for a more hands-on approach for the surgeon. Like evidence-based medicine practice, researchers are exploring new areas of patient-specific instrumentation in the surgical field, searching for favourable and costeffective results. Three-dimensional printing has shown promising results for quick and cost-effective solutions in several fields. Many fields of application are dependent on various uses of 3D printing, but it has yet to be used widely in medicine and orthopaedics. The current literature review was planned to highlight the advantages of using 3D printing, its scope in surgical field with emphasis on orthopaedic surgery, and the limitations of its use in developing countries

The Role of Islamic Awareness as a Mediator in the Relationship between Islamic Banking Practices and Customer Purchase Intentions: A Case Study in Pakistan

This study delves into the dynamics of Islamic banking practices and their influence on customer behavior in the specific context of Pakistan. Through a meticulous analysis, the research examines the reliability and validity of constructs such as Customer Perception, On Counter Advertising, Products, Promotion, and Service Quality, highlighting their robustness in measuring the intended dimensions. The discriminant validity among these constructs is further affirmed, underscoring the distinctiveness of each construct within the measurement model. Furthermore, the direct effects of various relationships on Awareness and Customer Perception are scrutinized, uncovering significant impact for several factors such as Service Quality and Promotion, while others demonstrate no significant influence. Moreover, the mediation analysis highlights the crucial role of Islamic awareness in shaping customer perceptions, with most relationships exhibiting significant mediation effects. These findings underscore the importance of factors such as trust, service quality, and Islamic awareness in influencing customer behavior and purchase intentions within the Islamic banking sector in Pakistan. These findings underscore the crucial role of Awareness as a mediator, suggesting that the impact of Products, Promotion, and Service Quality on Customer Perception is partially mediated by their influence on Awareness. Overall, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate dynamics between Islamic banking practices, customer perceptions, and awareness in Pakistan. The insights gleaned from this research have significant implications for policymakers and practitioners, offering valuable guidance for the formulation of strategies aimed at enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty in Pakistan's rapidly evolving financial landscape. The past studies examine the relationship with context of conventional banking and current exploring the perception of Islamic banking customer. This will helps to understand the Islamic investor perception and banking strategies to enhance decision about Islamic banking system

Benign tumours and tumour like lesions of bone

Over the last century, there has been a remarkable development in the study of benign bone tumours. This is primarily due to the improved knowledge of the nature of these lesions and improved imaging technology. They present as a diverse group of clinical and pathological entities, which vary in their clinical behaviour and aggressiveness and, hence, multidisciplinary approach is necessary in their management. Combined opinion from an orthopaedic surgeon, radiologist and a pathologist is therefore required. Incidence of these tumours is debatable because they are often asymptomatic. Many protocols have been reported in studies with respect to the management of these tumours based on the experience of different centres and different surgeons with no set guidelines. English-language studies, including case reports, case series and systemic reviews, from PubMed, ERIC, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Reviews databases from 2002 to 2016 were included in the current. Articles reporting all levels of evidence - Level I to V - were included