37 research outputs found
The effect of imatinib mesylate in diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumours on MR imaging and PET-CT
Introduction: Recurrence rates remain high after surgical treatment of diffuse-type Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumour (TGCT). Imatinib Mesylate (IM) blocks Colony Stimulating Factor1 Receptor (CSF1R), the driver mechanism in TGCT. The aim of this study was to determine if IM reduces the tumour metabolic activity evaluated by PET-CT and to compare this response with the response seen on MR imaging.Materials and methods: 25 Consecutive patients treated with IM (off label use) for locally advanced (N = 12) or recurrent (N = 13) diffuse-type TGCT were included, 15 male and median age at diagnosis 39 (IQR 31-47) years. The knee was most frequently affected (n = 16; 64%). The effect of IM was assessed pre- and post-IM treatment by comparing MR scans and PET-CT. MR scans were assessed by Tumour Volume Score (TVS), an estimation of the tumour volume as a percentage of the total synovial cavity. PET-CT scans were evaluated based on maximum standardized uptake value (SUV-max). Partial response was defined as more than 50% tumour reduction with TVS and a decrease of at least 30% on SUV-max.Results: Median duration of IM treatment was 7.0 (IQR 4.2-11.5) months. Twenty patients (80%) discontinued IM treatment for poor response or intended surgery. Twenty patients experienced an adverse event grade 1-2, three patients grade 3 (creatinine increment, neutropenic sepsis, liver dysfunction). MR assessment of all joints showed 32% (6/19) partial response and 63% (12/19) stable disease, with a mean difference of 12% (P = 0.467; CI -22.4-46.0) TVS between pre- and post-IM and a significant mean difference of 23% (P = 0.021; CI 4.2-21.6) in all knee lesions. PET-CT, all joints, showed a significantly decreased mean difference of 5.3 (P = 0.004; CI 1.9-8.7) SUV-max between pre- and post-IM treatment (58% (11/19) partial response, 37% (7/19) stable disease). No correlation between MR imaging and PET-CT could be appreciated in 15 patients with complete radiological data.Conclusion: This study confirms the moderate radiological response of IM in diffuse-type TGCT. PET-CT is a valuable additional diagnostic tool to quantify response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. Its value should be assessed further to validate its efficacy in the objective measurement of biological response in targeted systemic treatment of TGCT.Imaging- and therapeutic targets in neoplastic and musculoskeletal inflammatory diseas
Fracture-Related Infection: a consensus on definition from an international expert group
Fracture-related infection (FRI) is a common and serious complication in trauma surgery. Accurately estimating the impact of this complication has been hampered by the lack of a clear definition. The absence of a working definition of FRI renders existing studies difficult to evaluate or compare. In order to address this issue, an expert group comprised of a number of scientific and medical organizations has been convened, with the support of the AO Foundation, in order to develop a consensus definition.
The process that led to this proposed definition started with a systematic literature review, which revealed that the majority of randomized controlled trials in fracture care do not use a standardized definition of FRI. In response to this conclusion, an international survey on the need for and key components of a definition of FRI was distributed amongst all registered AOTrauma users. Approximately 90% of the more than 2,000 surgeons who responded suggested that a definition of FRI is required. As a final step, a consensus meeting was held with an expert panel. The outcome of this process led to a consensus definition of FRI.
Two levels of certainty around diagnostic features were defined. Criteria could be confirmatory (infection definitely present) or suggestive. Four confirmatory criteria were defined: Fistula, sinus or wound breakdown; Purulent drainage from the wound or presence of pus during surgery; Phenotypically indistinguishable pathogens identified by culture from at least two separate deep tissue/implant specimens; Presence of microorganisms in deep tissue taken during an operative intervention, as confirmed by histopathological examination. Furthermore, a list of suggestive criteria was defined. These require further investigations in order to look for confirmatory criteria.
In the current paper, an overview is provided of the proposed definition and a rationale for each component and decision. The intention of establishing this definition of FRI was to offer clinicians the opportunity to standardize clinical reports and improve the quality of published literature. It is important to note that the proposed definition was not designed to guide treatment of FRI and should be validated by prospective data collection in the future
Recent advances in osteoclast biology and pathological bone resorption
The osteoclast is a bone-degrading
polykaryon. Recent studies have clarified the
differentiation of this cell and the biochemical
mechanisms it uses to resorb bone. The osteoclast
derives from a monocyte/macrophage precursor.
Osteoclast formation requires permissive concentrations
of M-CSF and is driven by contact with mesenchymal
cells in bone that bear the TNF-family ligand RANKL.
Osteoclast precursors express RANK, and the interaction
between RANKL and RANK (which is inhibited by
OPG) is the major determinant of osteoclast formation.
Hormones, such as PTH/PTHrP, glucocorticoids and
1,25(OH)2D3, and humoral factors, including TNFa,
interleukin-1, TGFß and prostaglandins, influence
osteoclast formation by altering expression of these
molecular factors. TNFa, IL-6 and IL-11 have also been
shown to promote osteoclast formation by RANKLindependent
processes. RANKL-dependent/independent
osteoclast formation is likely to play an important role in
conditions where there is pathological bone resorption
such as inflammatory arthritis and malignant bone
resorption. Osteoclast functional defects cause sclerotic
bone disorders, many of which have recently been
identified as specific genetic defects. Osteoclasts express
specialized proteins including a vacuolar-type H+-
ATPase that drives HCl secretion for dissolution of bone
mineral. One v-ATPase component, the 116 kD V0
subunit, has several isoforms. Only one isoform TCIRG1, is up-regulated in osteoclasts. Defects in
TCIRG1 are common causes of osteopetrosis. HCl
secretion is dependent on chloride channels; a chloride
channel homologue, CLCN7, is another common defect
in osteopetrosis. Humans who are deficient in carbonic
anhydrase II or who have defects in phagocytosis also
have variable defects in bone remodelling. Organic bone
matrix is degraded by thiol proteinases, principally cathepsin K, and abnormalities in cathepsin K cause
another sclerotic bone disorder, pycnodysostosis. Thus,
bone turnover in normal subjects depends on relative
expression of key cytokines, and defects in osteoclastic
turnover usually reflect defects in specific ion
transporters or enzymes that play essential roles in bone
degradation
Human osteoclast ontogeny and pathological bone resorption
Monocytes and macrophages are capable of
degrading both the mineral and organic components of
bone and are known to secrete local factors which
stimulate host osteoclastic bone resorption. Recent
studies have shown that monocytes and macrophages,
including those isolated from neoplastic and
inflammatory lesions, can also be induced to
differentiate into cells that show all the cytochemical and
functional characteristics of mature osteoclasts,
including lacunar bone resorption. Monocyte/macrophage-
osteoclast differentiation occurs in the presence of
osteoblasts/bone stromal cells (which express osteoclast
differentiation factor) and macrophage-colony
stimulating factor and is inhibited by osteoprotegerin.
Various systemic hormones and local factors (eg
cytokines, growth factors, prostaglandins) modulate
osteoclast formation by controlling these cellular and
humoral elements. Various pathological lesions of bone
and joint (eg carcinomatous metastases, arthritis, aseptic
loosening) are associated with osteolysis. These lesions
generally contain a chronic inflammatory infiltrate in
which macrophages form a significant fraction. One
cellular mechanism whereby pathological bone
resorption may be effected is through generation of
increased numbers of bone-resorbing osteoclasts
from macrophages. Production of humoral factors
which stimulate mononuclear phagocyte-osteoclast
differentiation and osteoclast activity is also likely to
influence the extent of pathological bone resorption
Canonical and non-canonical pathways of osteoclast formation
Physiological and pathological bone
resorption is mediated by osteoclasts, multinucleated
cells which are formed by the fusion of monocyte /
macrophage precursors. The canonical pathway of
osteoclast formation requires the presence of the
receptor activator for NFkB ligand (RANKL) and
macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). Noncanonical
pathways of osteoclast formation have been
described in which cytokines / growth factors can
substitute for RANKL or M-CSF to induce osteoclast
formation. Substitutes for RANKL include LIGHT,
TNFa and interleukins 6, 11 and 8. M-CSF substitutes
include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),
placental growth factor (PlGF), FLt-3 ligand and
hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). These growth factors
can also influence canonical (RANKL / M-CSFinduced)
osteoclast formation. Both canonical and noncanonical
pathways of osteoclast formation play a role in
the formation of osteolytic lesions where there is
increased osteoclast formation and activity, such as in
giant cell tumour of bone
Giant cells in pigmented villo nodular synovitits express an osteoclast phenotype
AIM: To determine the cytochemical and functional phenotype of multinucleated giant cells in pigmented villo nodular synovitis (PVNS). METHODS: Giant cells isolated from a patient with PVNS of the knee were assessed for a number of markers used to distinguish osteoclasts from macrophages/ macrophage polykaryons: evidence of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity; expression of CD11b, CD14, CD51, and calcitonin receptors; and the ability of the giant cells to carry out lacunar resorption. RESULTS: Isolated giant cells expressed an osteoclast antigenic phenotype (positive for CD51, negative for CD11b and CD14) and were TRAP and calcitonin receptor positive. They also showed functional evidence of osteoclast differentiation, producing numerous lacunar bone resorption pits on bone slices in short term culture. CONCLUSIONS: The giant cells in this case of PVNS express all the phenotypical features of osteoclasts including the ability to carry out lacunar resorption. This may account for the bone destruction associated with this aggressive synovial lesion.S D Neale, R Kristelly, R Gundle, J M Quinn, N A Athanaso