Guidebook for Enhancing Resilience of European Air Traffic in Extreme Weather Events

This guidebook addresses recent knowledge and good practices on the risk of adverse weather events for passenger as well as air cargo services. It offers best practice guidance on how passengers may react and how companies should be prepared. It describes what kind of information can be used as support and how information networks and information sharing technologies between the different means of transportation may lead to higher customer satisfaction. This guidebook shall help to optimise the use of financial and environmental resources and lead to higher resilience towards induced negative effects in the global air traffic system

Summary report on the costs of extreme weather for the European transport system

The purpose of work package 4 of the EWENT project, findings of which are summarized in this deliverable, is to provide concrete monetary valuations of the impact of extreme weather phenomena on the transport system. This target is operationalized through several steps of research activities: - Review of methodologies used to value accidents and travel time savings - Determination of values used - Justification of values chosen - Calculations of impacts, measured in euro - Mode by mode analysis of what cost items are significant - Analysis of data availability and needs for additional data for future anal-ysi

EWENT Extreme weather impacts on European networks of transport Consequences of extreme weather

This document is the third step in the EWENT approach to analyse and mitigate the influence of extreme weather on the European transport network. The two previous documents deal with the weather phenomena, which have influence on the different traffic modes (road, rail, aviation, in-land waterways and maritime shipping), and with future weather scenarios, which impact these phenomena. In this document a quantitative approach to analyse the different traffic means is developed, which is used in the subsequent work packages to carry out cost analysis and develop risk mitigation strategies. The approach is two-stepped. First the impact of extreme weather phenomena on the abovemen-tioned modes of transport is analysed. Example corridors or hot spots are identified for each traffic mean in each of the five identified climate areas (Nordic, Temperate, Alpine, Mediterranean and Maritime) and quantitatively assessed. Then following, the cost inducing effects of the weather phenomena are discussed. Both steps are evaluated separately for each transport mode because their sensitivity and resili-ence differ significantly from each other. Finally, the expected impact changes are shown in a comprehensive summary table. The analysis shows that especially road traffic with its two traffic patterns, freight transport be-tween major knots on corridors and passenger flows in large cities that are affected by delay. Also aviation that has high weather dependence already today, will suffer from extreme weather events in the future. The reason for this is two-folded. On one hand, wind gusts will increase, especially in the southern part of Europe and on the other hand, free capacity, which is currently used to buffer weather events, will be occupied by additional flights. Hence the impact of weather will be even higher than today. For the other traffic modes no significant change in delay behavior due to ex-treme weather is expected in the long-term future, but already at present the delays do exist to the extent that requires attention. For all transport modes the accident rates should have a declining trend or stay on a low level in the future as it is expected that better technique and higher safety standards, which today are best adopted in aviation, will influence the accident rate more than the expected weather changes

Spatial variability of fine and coarse particle composition and sources in Cyprus

Southern and Eastern European countries exceed WHO and EU air quality standards very often, and are influenced by both local and external sources from Europe, Asia and Africa. However, there are limited data on particle composition and source profiles. We collected PM2.5 and PM10 samples (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 and 10μm, respectively) in four cities in Cyprus using Harvard Impactors. Measurements were conducted between January 2012 and January 2013. We analyzed these samples for mass concentration and chemical composition, and conducted a source apportionment analysis using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF).All sites complied with PM2.5 and PM10 WHO daily standards for most of the days. As in other Eastern European countries, we found higher sulfate contribution and less organic carbon than in the Western and central Europe. For PM2.5, seven source types were identified including regional sulfur, traffic emissions, biomass, re-suspended soil, oil combustion, road dust, and sea salt. In all four sites, regional sulfur was the predominant source (>30%). High inter-site correlations were observed for both PM2.5 component concentrations and source contributions, may be because a large fraction of PM2.5 is transported. Finally, for PM10-2.5 (coarse particles with aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10μm) three sources were identified, which include road dust, soil, and sea salt. Significant inter-site correlations were also observed for coarse particles. All dust storm samples, except one, had PM levels below the daily standard. However, mineral dust, defined as the total mass of crustal metal oxides, increased up to ten times during the dust events

Remote sensing of environment - integrated approaches

This book covers the latest developments in remote sensing theory and applications by numerous researchers, experts and collaborators of the Remote Sensing and Geo-Environment Lab of the Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics of the Cyprus University of Technology. The main highlight of this book is combination of several techniques such as satellite remote sensing, field spectroscopy, smart sensors, ground techniques for achieving an integrated method for the systematic monitoring of the environment