10 research outputs found

    Les obstacles au dépistage des enfants et adolescents infectés par le VIH en Afrique : chercher ces enfants, là où ils se trouvent !

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    Un nombre important d'enfants et d'adolescents infectés par le VIH ne sont pas pris en charge ou le sont très tardivement. Sur les 3,2 millions enfants infectés dans le monde, 2,8 auraient besoin de traitements et environ 700 000 sont effectivement traités. La première raison de ce défaut d'accès aux soins est le manque de dépistage des enfants, qu'il s'agisse du dépistage précoce des nourrissons, ou, bien plus encore, de celui des enfants plus grands et des adolescents. Cet article se veut à la fois une revue de la situation actuelle et un plaidoyer en faveur du dépistage proposé systématiquement aux enfants et adolescents exposés au VIH (mère infectée, transfusions répétées) ou possiblement infectés (malnutrition, tuberculose, autres maladies évocatrices). Enfin les adultes vivant avec le VIH devraient être sensibilisés au dépistage systématique de leurs enfants, y compris ceux qui sont asymptomatiques

    Feasibility of Early Infant Diagnosis of HIV in Resource-Limited Settings: The ANRS 12140-PEDIACAM Study in Cameroon

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    BACKGROUND: Early infant diagnosis (EID) of HIV is a key-point for the implementation of early HAART, associated with lower mortality in HIV-infected infants. We evaluated the EID process of HIV according to national recommendations, in urban areas of Cameroon. METHODS/FINDINGS: The ANRS12140-PEDIACAM study is a multisite cohort in which infants born to HIV-infected mothers were included before the 8(th) day of life and followed. Collection of samples for HIV DNA/RNA-PCR was planned at 6 weeks together with routine vaccination. The HIV test result was expected to be available at 10 weeks. A positive or indeterminate test result was confirmed by a second test on a different sample. Systematic HAART was offered to HIV-infected infants identified. The EID process was considered complete if infants were tested and HIV results provided to mothers/family before 7 months of age. During 2007-2009, 1587 mother-infant pairs were included in three referral hospitals; most infants (n = 1423, 89.7%) were tested for HIV, at a median age of 1.5 months (IQR, 1.4-1.6). Among them, 51 (3.6%) were HIV-infected. Overall, 1331 (83.9%) completed the process by returning for the result before 7 months (median age: 2.5 months (IQR, 2.4-3.0)). Incomplete process, that is test not performed, or result of test not provided or provided late to the family, was independently associated with late HIV diagnosis during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.8, 95%CI: 1.1 to 2.9, p = 0.01), absence of PMTCT prophylaxis (aOR = 2.4, 95%CI: 1.4 to 4.3, p = 0.002), and emergency caesarean section (aOR = 2.5, 95%CI: 1.5 to 4.3, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In urban areas of Cameroon, HIV-infected women diagnosed sufficiently early during pregnancy opt to benefit from EID whatever their socio-economic, marital or disclosure status. Reduction of non optimal diagnosis process should focus on women with late HIV diagnosis during pregnancy especially if they did not receive any PMTCT, or if complications occurred at delivery

    Les obstacles au dépistage des enfants et adolescents infectés par le VIH en Afrique : chercher ces enfants, là où ils se trouvent !

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    International audienceUn nombre important d’enfants et d’adolescents infectés par le VIH ne sont pas pris en charge ou le sont très tardivement. Sur les 3,2 millions enfants infectés dans le monde, 2,8 auraient besoin de traitements et environ 700 000 sont effectivement traités. La première raison de ce défaut d’accès aux soins est le manque de dépistage des enfants, qu’il s’agisse du dépistage précoce des nourrissons, ou, bien plus encore, de celui des enfants plus grands et des adolescents. Cet article se veut à la fois une revue de la situation actuelle et un plaidoyer en faveur du dépistage proposé systématiquement aux enfants et adolescents exposés au VIH (mère infectée, transfusions répétées) ou possiblement infectés (malnutrition, tuberculose, autres maladies évocatrices). Enfin les adultes vivant avec le VIH devraient être sensibilisés au dépistage systématique de leurs enfants, y compris ceux qui sont asymptomatiques

    Les obstacles au dépistage des enfants et adolescents infectés par le VIH en Afrique : chercher ces enfants, là où ils se trouvent !

    No full text
    Un nombre important d'enfants et d'adolescents infectés par le VIH ne sont pas pris en charge ou le sont très tardivement. Sur les 3,2 millions enfants infectés dans le monde, 2,8 auraient besoin de traitements et environ 700 000 sont effectivement traités. La première raison de ce défaut d'accès aux soins est le manque de dépistage des enfants, qu'il s'agisse du dépistage précoce des nourrissons, ou, bien plus encore, de celui des enfants plus grands et des adolescents. Cet article se veut à la fois une revue de la situation actuelle et un plaidoyer en faveur du dépistage proposé systématiquement aux enfants et adolescents exposés au VIH (mère infectée, transfusions répétées) ou possiblement infectés (malnutrition, tuberculose, autres maladies évocatrices). Enfin les adultes vivant avec le VIH devraient être sensibilisés au dépistage systématique de leurs enfants, y compris ceux qui sont asymptomatiques

    Impact de la strategie sur la couverture vaccinale a l.extreme-Nord Cameroun

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    L.étude transversale comparative menée en septembre 2002 consistait à évaluer la couverture vaccinale du Centre de Promotion de la Santé (CPS) de Tokombéré à l.Extrême-Nord Cameroun, structure privée confessionnelle et celle du Centre de Santé Intégré (CSI) de Mora, structure sanitaire publique de la même localité. L.échantillon comportait 270 enfants âgés de 0 à 5 ans et 135 mères dans chaque localité. Les principaux aspects étudiés étaient : la couverture vaccinale, le système de vaccination et les connaissances des mères sur la vaccination. L.exploitation des données du carnet de vaccination et la cicatrice du vaccin par le Bacille de Calmette et Guérin (BCG) a relevé que la couverture vaccinale dans l.aire de santé de Tokombéré était plus de deux fois plus élevée que celle de Mora avec des taux de 98 % et 44,8 % respectivement avec P = 0,0000. Le système de vaccination de l.aire de santé de Tokombéré était de loin plus performant que celui de Mora grâce à l.élargissement de la population cible de 0 à 11 mois à 0 à 59 mois ; un plus grand nombre de personnel affecté à la vaccination, plus de moyens de locomotion, plus d.équipements de la chaîne de froid, une vaccination au quotidien, une plus grande participation communautaire et des meilleures connaissances des mères sur la vaccination. Clinics in Mother and Child Health Vol. 3(1) 2006: 445-44

    Paediatr Int Child Health

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    BACKGROUND: Vertical (VT) transmission of HIV remains a public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the VT rate and factors associated with transmission in routine practice in three referral hospitals in Cameroon. METHODS: All HIV-infected mothers who delivered in maternity wards or sought paediatric services during the first postnatal week from November 2007 to October 2010 were invited to participate in the ANRS-Pediacam cohort. Their infants were followed at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of life and HIV status was determined from the 6th week of life using real-time PCR. For those who were breastfed and negative at the first PCR, a second test was performed 6 weeks after breast-feeding was stopped. Logistic regression was performed to identify the independent risk factors of VT. RESULTS: Overall, 2053 HIV-exposed infants were enrolled. Of these, 1827 were tested for HIV including 1777 before the age of 3 months, and 59 were HIV-infected, resulting in an overall early VT rate of 3.3% (CI 2.5-4.3). The VT rate was significantly associated with the type of maternal exposure to ART (0.5%, 2/439, p<0.001, CI 0.0-1.6) in mothers who commenced HAART before pregnancy, 1.9% (6/321, CI 0.7-4.0) in mothers who commenced HAART during pregnancy, 4.1% (34/837, CI 2.8-5.6) in those on short-course ART and 11.1% (17/153, CI 6.6-17.2) in mothers not receiving ART. On multivariate analysis, the type of exposure to ART remained significantly associated with being small for gestational age (aOR 5.0, CI 2.4-10.3, p < 0.001) and female gender (aOR 2.1, CI 1.2-3.8, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The successfully low rate of VT transmission of HIV in mothers who commenced HAART in early pregnancy strongly supports the need to improve access to diagnosis and early treatment of all women of childbearing age with HIV through the national PMTCT programme. ABBREVIATIONS: ANRS: French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis; ART: antiretroviral therapy; ARV: antiretroviral; AUDIPOG: Association des Utilisateurs de Dossiers Informatises en Pediatrie, Obstetrique et Gynecologie; CHM/MCC-CBF: The Central Hospital Maternity/Mother and Child Centre of the Chantal Biya Foundation; EHC: Essos Hospital Centre; EPI: Expanded Programme on Immunization; HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy; HBV: hepatitis B virus; IQR: interquartile range; LH: Laquintinie Hospital; MTCT: mother-to-child transmission; NVP: nevirapine; Pediacam: Pediatrie Cameroun; PMTCT: prevention of mother-to-child transmission; SGAG: small for gestational age and gender; UNAIDS: Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS; WHO: World Health Organization; ZDV: zidovudine; 3TC: lamivudine

    Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique

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    Position du problème Au Cameroun, la couverture des enfants éligibles au traitement antirétroviral (TARV) (15 %) était l’une des plus faibles des 21 pays prioritaires du Fonds Mondial en 2012. Le but de cette étude était de faire une analyse situationnelle de l’offre des soins pour améliorer la prise en charge du VIH pédiatrique (PECP) au Cameroun. Méthodes Une étude transversale descriptive a été menée pendant quatre mois (avril à août 2014) dans 12 formations sanitaires de sept régions du Cameroun sélectionnées par un sondage systématique. Les données ont été recueillies à l’aide d’un auto-questionnaire administré aux personnels soignants et aux responsables administratifs inclus dans l’étude. Résultats Au total 142 personnels en charge du VIH pédiatrique ont été inclus dans cette étude : 115 du niveau opérationnel parmi lesquels 59 (51,2 %) personnels de santé, 44 (38,3 %) agents communautaires, 12 (10,4 %) chefs de services, 19 responsables du niveau régional et 8 du niveau central. La grande majorité des personnels soignants impliqués dans la PECP étaient des infirmiers, nécessitant ainsi la délégation effective des tâches médicales institutionnalisée au Cameroun. Très peu de documents normatifs nationaux prenaient en compte la PECP. La faible vulgarisation de ces documents normatifs à tous les niveaux de la pyramide sanitaire pourrait justifier le non-respect des protocoles de prise en charge observé dans les formations sanitaires offrant la PECP. Conclusion La mise à jour et la diffusion à large échelle des documents nationaux normatifs, prenant en compte des spécificités de l’enfant infecté par le VIH, sont nécessaires pour améliorer l’application des directives de la PECP au niveau opérationnel.Background In Cameroon in 2012, the proportion (15%) of children eligible for antiretroviral treatment (ART) was one of the lowest among the 21 Global Fund priority countries. The objective of this study was to carry out a situational analysis of the existing care offer for pediatric HIV in Cameroon. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over a 4-month period (April to August 2014) in 12 healthcare facilities in 7 regions of Cameroon selected by systematic sampling. The data were collected in a self-administered questionnaire filled out by the caregiving and administrative personnel included in the study. Results All in all, 142 persons in charge of pediatric HIV treatment were included in the study, of whom 115 were working at the operational level: 59 (51.2%) health personnel, 44 (38.3%) community agents and 12 (10.4%) department heads; the other 27 exercised responsibilities at the regional (19) and the local (8) levels. An overwhelming majority of the caregivers involved in pediatric VIH treatment were nurses, a factor necessitating the delegation of medical tasks institutionalized in Cameroon. Few standardized nationwide documents take into account these treatment modalities. Inadequate dissemination of the documents at all levels of the healthcare pyramid may justify the non-compliance with the care protocols that has been observed in the training programs dedicated to the subject. Conclusion The updating and large-scale dissemination of standardized nationwide documents taking into account the specificities of HIV-infected children are required to improve implementation at the operational level of the Cameroonian healthcare system of the existing guidelines for pediatric HIV treatment

    A Treatment-Decision Score for HIV-Infected Children With Suspected Tuberculosis

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    BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of tuberculosis should be improved in children infected with HIV to reduce mortality. We developed prediction scores to guide antituberculosis treatment decision in HIV-infected children with suspected tuberculosis.METHODS: HIV-infected children with suspected tuberculosis enrolled in Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, and Vietnam (ANRS 12229 PAANTHER 01 Study), underwent clinical assessment, chest radiography, Quantiferon Gold In-Tube (QFT), abdominal ultrasonography, and sample collection for microbiology, including Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert). We developed 4 tuberculosis diagnostic models using logistic regression: (1) all predictors included, (2) QFT excluded, (3) ultrasonography excluded, and (4) QFT and ultrasonography excluded. We internally validated the models using resampling. We built a score on the basis of the model with the best area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and parsimony.RESULTS: A total of 438 children were enrolled in the study; 251 (57.3%) had tuberculosis, including 55 (12.6%) with culture- or Xpert-confirmed tuberculosis. The final 4 models included Xpert, fever lasting >2 weeks, unremitting cough, hemoptysis and weight loss in the past 4 weeks, contact with a patient with smear-positive tuberculosis, tachycardia, miliary tuberculosis, alveolar opacities, and lymph nodes on the chest radiograph, together with abdominal lymph nodes on the ultrasound and QFT results. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.866, 0.861, 0.850, and 0.846, for models 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The score developed on model 2 had a sensitivity of 88.6% and a specificity of 61.2% for a tuberculosis diagnosis.CONCLUSIONS: Our score had a good diagnostic performance. Used in an algorithm, it should enable prompt treatment decision in children with suspected tuberculosis and a high mortality risk, thus contributing to significant public health benefits

    Individual and healthcare supply-related barriers to treatment initiation in HIV-positive patients enrolled in the Cameroonian antiretroviral treatment access programme

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    International audienceIncreasing demand for antiretroviral treatment (ART) together with a reduction in international funding during the last decade may jeopardize access to ART. Using data from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014 in 19 HIV services in the Centre and Littoral regions in Cameroon, we investigated the role of healthcare supply-related factors in time to ART initiation in HIV-positive patients eligible for ART at HIV diagnosis. HIV service profiles were built using cluster analysis. Factors associated with time to ART initiation were identified using a multilevel Cox model. The study population included 847 HIV-positive patients (women 72%, median age: 39 years). Median (interquartile range) time to ART initiation was 1.6 (0.5-4.3) months. Four HIV service profiles were identified: (1) small services with a limited staff practising partial task-shifting (n = 4); (2) experienced and well-equipped services practising task-shifting and involving HIV community-based organizations (n = 5); (3) small services with limited resources and activities (n = 6); (4) small services providing a large range of activities using task-shifting and involving HIV community-based organizations (n = 4). The multivariable model showed that HIV-positive patients over 39 years old [hazard ratio: 1.26 (95% confidence interval) (1.09-1.45), P = 0.002], those with disease symptoms [1.21 (1.04-1.41), P = 0.015] and those with hepatitis B co-infection [2.31 (1.15-4.66), P = 0.019] were all more likely to initiate ART early. However, patients in the first profile were less likely to initiate ART early [0.80 (0.65-0.99), P = 0.049] than those in the second profile, as were patients in the third profile [association only significant at the 10% level; 0.86 (0.72-1.02), P = 0.090]. Our findings provide a better understanding of the role played by healthcare supply-related factors in ART initiation. In HIV services with limited capacity, task-shifting and support from community-based organizations may improve treatment access. Additional funding is required to relieve healthcare supply-related barriers and achieve the goal of universal ART access
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