Immature event-related alpha dynamics in children compared with the young adults during inhibition shown by day-night stroop task

Introduction: Inhibitory control develops gradually from infancy to childhood and improves further during adolescence as the brain matures. Related previous studies showed the indispensable role of task-related alpha power during inhibition both in children and young adults. Nonetheless, none of the studies have been able to investigate the direct differences in brain responses between children and young adults when confronted with a stimulus that should be inhibited. Because, unlike event-related designs, task-related designs involve continuous tasks over a certain period, which precludes the possibility of making such a comparison. Accordingly, by employing event-related design, the present study first time in the literature, aimed to analyze the event-related alpha phase locking and event-related alpha synchronization/ desynchronization to differentiate the inhibitory processes in children compared to young adults. Methods: Twenty children between the ages of 6 to 7 years and 20 healthy young adult subjects between the ages of 18 to 30 years were included in the study. Day-night Stroop task was applied to all subjects during 18-channel EEG recordings. Event-related time-frequency analysis was performed with the complex Morlet Wavelet Transform for the alpha frequency band (8–13 Hz). Event related spectral perturbation (ERSP) in three different time windows (0–200 ms, 200–400 ms, 400–600 ms) and Event-related phase locking in the early time window (0–400 ms) was calculated. Results: The children had increased alpha power in early and late time windows but decreased alpha phase locking in the early time windows compared to young adults. There were also topological differences between groups; while young adults had increased alpha phase-locking in frontal and parietal electrode sites, children had increased occipital alpha power and phase locking. Discussion: The shift in event-related alpha power observed from posterior to anterior regions with age may suggest a progressive maturation of the frontal areas involved in inhibitory processes from childhood to adulthood. The results of the present study showed that children and young adults had different EEG oscillatory dynamics during inhibitory processes at alpha frequency range

Immature event-related alpha dynamics in children compared with the young adults during inhibition shown by day-night stroop task

IntroductionInhibitory control develops gradually from infancy to childhood and improves further during adolescence as the brain matures. Related previous studies showed the indispensable role of task-related alpha power during inhibition both in children and young adults. Nonetheless, none of the studies have been able to investigate the direct differences in brain responses between children and young adults when confronted with a stimulus that should be inhibited. Because, unlike event-related designs, task-related designs involve continuous tasks over a certain period, which precludes the possibility of making such a comparison. Accordingly, by employing event-related design, the present study first time in the literature, aimed to analyze the event-related alpha phase locking and event-related alpha synchronization/ desynchronization to differentiate the inhibitory processes in children compared to young adults.MethodsTwenty children between the ages of 6 to 7  years and 20 healthy young adult subjects between the ages of 18 to 30  years were included in the study. Day-night Stroop task was applied to all subjects during 18-channel EEG recordings. Event-related time-frequency analysis was performed with the complex Morlet Wavelet Transform for the alpha frequency band (8–13  Hz). Event related spectral perturbation (ERSP) in three different time windows (0–200  ms, 200–400  ms, 400–600  ms) and Event-related phase locking in the early time window (0–400  ms) was calculated.ResultsThe children had increased alpha power in early and late time windows but decreased alpha phase locking in the early time windows compared to young adults. There were also topological differences between groups; while young adults had increased alpha phase-locking in frontal and parietal electrode sites, children had increased occipital alpha power and phase locking.DiscussionThe shift in event-related alpha power observed from posterior to anterior regions with age may suggest a progressive maturation of the frontal areas involved in inhibitory processes from childhood to adulthood. The results of the present study showed that children and young adults had different EEG oscillatory dynamics during inhibitory processes at alpha frequency range

Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Hyperprolactinemia in Children and Adolescents: National Survey

Conclusion: We present the largest cohort of children and adolescents with hyperprolactinemia in the literature to date. Hyperprolactinemia is more common in females and cabergoline is highly effective and practical to use in adolescents, due to its biweekly dosing. Indications for surgery in pediatric cases need to be revised

Evaluation of the patients with congenital rickets

Introduction: The present study aims to evaluate the clinical findings and biochemical properties of the patients who were followed up in the neonatal intensive care unit due to congenital rickets. Methods: The data of patients who were followed up in our neonatal intensive care unit between March 2015 and March 2020 due to congenital rickets were analyzed retrospectively from the patient’s files and registration forms. The findings of physical examination and biochemical tests of the patients were recorded at the time of admission. Results: Six patients were included in this study. Four of the patients were girls. The mean age of application was 19±6 days. All patients were admitted with convulsion. The average calcium at the first application was 5.5±0.7 mg/dL; ionized calcium 0.7±0.02 mmol/L; phosphorus 6.9±1.2 mg/dL; alkaline phosphatase 747±148 U/L; parathyroid hormone 265±40 pg/mL and mean 25-OH vitamin D 3.4±0.4 ng/mL. All cases were hospitalized and treated and diagnosed with congenital rickets. Discussion and Conclusion: Despite vitamin D prophylaxis, rickets can still be seen in our country. With this study, we aimed to draw attention to the significance of vitamin D prophylaxis

The effects of anti-HBs antibodies passed through transplacental route on immunization induced by HBV vaccine and natural course of passively transmitted HBs antibodies

Introduction: Hepatitis B infection is an important infection that concerns public health. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether anti-Hbs antibodies born from mothers who are immune to hepatitis B virus with natural or vaccination and passed from mother to baby transplacentally affect the natural course of these passive anti-HBs antibody titers. Methods: In this study, 68 healthy term newborn babies were included. The immune status of the mothers of these newborn babies was evaluated. Babies were divided into three groups. Group 1, babies whose mothers were positive for AntiHBs antibody, anti-HBS titers were evaluated consecutively at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 8 months without HBV vaccine. In Group 2, babies whose mothers were positive for anti-HBs antibody were vaccinated with HBV vaccine at 0.1 and 6 months, and these babies were examined for anti-HBS titers at 0.1, 3, 6 and 8 months. In Group 3, babies whose mothers were negative of anti-HBs antibody were vaccinated with HBV vaccine at 0, 1 and 6 months, and babies were examined at 0.1, 3, 6 and 8 months. Results: Group 1 consisted of 22 babies, Group 2 consisted of 24 babies and Group 3 consisted of 22 babies. Percentages of anti-HBs titers falling below <10 mIU/mL at 1, 3, 6 and 8 months were found to be 40.9%, 50%, 59.09%, and 100% of nonvaccinated babies whose mothers were positive for anti-HBs antibody. Discussion and Conclusion: We found that the antibody response to HBV vaccine administered to infants with passive antibodies was similar to the antibody response in mothers vaccinated with their mothers HBsAg (-), anti-HBs (-), anti-HBcIgM (-) and the same vaccine calendar. Thus, it was found that anti-HBs antibodies that started this transplacentalntal pathway did not affect the antibody response produced by the HBV vaccine administered at 0, 1 and 6 month

Elevated 1-h post-load plasma glucose levels in normal glucose tolerance children with obesity is associated with early carotid atherosclerosis

Context: Evidence suggests thatthe 1-h post-load plasma glucose (1-h PG) ≥155 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) predicts development oftype 2 diabetes (T2DM) and associated complications, among adults with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), but relevant data on children is scarce. Objectives: To investigate whether NGT children with obesity whose 1-h PG is ≥155 mg/dL have an increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and exhibit non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) diagnosed by ultrasonography, as compared with NGT subjects with 1-h PG 0.05). Of the three glycemic parameters, 1-h and 2-h PG, but not fasting glucose, were significantly correlated with carotid IMT. There were no significant differences for increased risk of having NAFLD between the three groups. Conclusions: These data suggest that a value of 1-h PG ≥155 mg/dL in children and adolescents with obesity is as important as IGT with respect to cardiovascular risks

Evaluation of Vitamin D status and its correlation with gonadal function in children at mini-puberty

Objective: Most recent evidence from conducted in human and animal studies suggests that vitamin D has a potential role in the physiology of reproductive function in both genders. We investigate the role of vitamin D in male and female gonadal function at mini-puberty period with particular emphasis on production of sex steroids and gonadal peptide hormones. Additionaly, this study evaluated serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), total testosteron (TT), anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), and inhibin B in a large prospective cohort of infant at mini-puberty period

Transient gonadal activation and infant growth velocity

Background: Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is activated during the first 6 months of life, called as mini-puberty in which reproductive hormone levels may reach to adult levels. Although, our understanding of the pathophysiology of sex steroids interaction with growth in puberty is increasing, very little is known about the relationship between sex steroids and growth at this period of life. Material and Methods: 142 (67 girls, 75 boys) healthy appropriate-for-gestational age neonates were included. Insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor 3 (IGFBP-3), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone (TT) and estradiol (E2) levels were measured at postnatal 2nd month of life. In all cases height and weight were measured at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 9th and 12th months of age. GV was monitored and compared with sex steroids and growth factors. Results: The mean LH and TT levels were significantly higher in boys than girls (P = 0.001). In girls, the mean FSH level was significantly higher than in boys (P = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean E2, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in boys and girls (p> 0.05). The GV was significantly faster from birth to 6 months of age in boys than in girls (P <0.05). The highest GV was observed at 1 and 2 months of age, simultaneously with the peak of postnatal gonadal activation. There was a positive correlation between GV and TT in both sexes (P <0.05). Conclusion: These results may provide a new perspective on the effect of transient gonadal activation on infant growth velocity

Congenital depressed fracture of the skull in a neonate

Objective: Congenital depression of the skull is a rare event and the cause is not always clear. It may be complicated by brain injury, hematoma and epilepsy. This case is presented to draw attention to this rare congenital disorder which may raise suspicions in the family and discuss treatment options. Description: This baby boy was born at term by cesarean section and the depressed fracture of the right parietal bone, 5 cm × 4 cm, with a depth of 7.7 mm was noted at the first examination. Conventional and 3-dimentional computed tomography of the skull confirmed the diagnosis. The neurological examination was unremarkable. The depressed portion was elevated by surgery; the baby was growing well in the first month. Comments: Skull fracture is frequently assumed to have resulted from trauma, but it may occur prenatally

Clinical and laboratory evaluation of children with congenital hyperinsulinism: A single center experience

Objectives: To evaluate and present the data regarding clinical, laboratory, radiological and the results of molecular genetic analysis of patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in our clinics. Methods: A total of 9 patients with CHI followed at Istanbul Medipol University. Data related to gender, age at presentation, birth weight, gestational age, consanguinity, glucose and insulin levels at diagnosis, treatment modalities, response to treatment, the results of genetic analysis and radiological evaluation were gathered from the files. Results: The oldest age at presentation was 6 months. K-ATP channel mutation was detected in 55% (n: 5). Diazoxide unresponsiveness was seen in 55% (n: 5). Octreotide was effective in 3 of them. F-18-DOPA PET performed in 4 diazoxide unresponsive patients revealed focal lesion in 3 of them. Spontaneous remission rate was 66% (n:6). All the patients with normal genetic result achieved spontaneous remission. Spontaneous remission was even noted in diazoxide unresponsive patients and in patients with focal lesion on F-18-DOPA PET. Conclusions: Clinical presentation of patients with congenital hypereinsulinism is heterogeneous. Spontaneous remission rate is quite high even in patients with severe clinical presentation. It is important to develop methods that can predict which patients will have spontaneous remission. Reporting the clinical and laboratory data of each patient is important and will help to guide the management of patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia