Socio-economic and scientific challenges of a qualitative design of distance learning: contextualization and interculturation

International audiencePromoted in Europe by the Bologna Process, distance education has increased in recent years. This boom began a major transformation of universities characterized, among others, by a multiplication of exchanges between individuals from different personal, educational and professional backgrounds. However, in this new teaching context, international students and teachers are sometimes destabilized: students in the face of new methods of university work and program content, teachers because they are confronted with diverse student profiles, expectations and needs. The questions raised by the relationship between distance learning and /learners in a FLE/S (French as a Foreign/Second language) perspective are numerous. In the context of this article, we will first consider ODL (Open and Distance Learning) "contextualization"2, which will be discussed in connection with the problems a misguided sense of interculturality in the field of ODL poses. Finally, we will identify what we believe to be fundamentally at the root of these problems: an epistemological continuity in research, which is based on the paradigm of "trace", which can only lead to an essentialized congealing of meaning ... or a solid/culturalist approach of the intercultural (Dervin, 2009a)

Value of large scale expansion of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in a compartmentalised gas-permeable bag: interests for adoptive immunotherapy

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has emerged as an effective treatment for patients with metastatic melanoma. However, there are several logistical and safety concerns associated with large-scale <it>ex vivo </it>expansion of tumour-specific T lymphocytes for widespread availability of ACT for cancer patients. To address these problems we developed a specific compartmentalised bag allowing efficient expansion of tumour-specific T lymphocytes in an easy handling, closed system.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Starting from lymph nodes from eight melanoma patients, we performed a side-by-side comparison of Tumour-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) produced after expansion in the compartmentalised bag versus TIL produced using the standard process in plates. Proliferation yield, viability, phenotype and IFNγ secretion were comparatively studied.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found no differences in proliferation yield and cell viability between both TIL production systems. Moreover, each of the cell products complied with our defined release criteria before being administered to the patient. The phenotype analysis indicated that the compartmentalised bag favours the expansion of CD8+ cells. Finally, we found that TIL stimulated in bags were enriched in reactive CD8+ T cells when co-cultured with the autologous melanoma cell line.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The stimulation of TIL with feeder cells in the specifically designed compartmentalised bag can advantageously replace the conventional protocol using plates. In particular, the higher expansion rate of reactive CD8+ T cells could have a significant impact for ACT.</p

Working with argan cake: a new etiology for hypersensitivity pneumonitis

International audienceAbstractBackgroundArgan is now used worldwide in numerous cosmetic products. Nine workers from a cosmetic factory were examined in our occupational medicine department, following the diagnosis of a case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) related to handling of argan cakes.MethodsOperators were exposed to three forms of argan (crude granulates, powder or liquid) depending on the step of the process. All workers systematically completed standardized questionnaires on occupational and medical history, followed by medical investigations, comprising, in particular, physical examination and chest X-rays, total IgE and a systematic screening for specific serum antibodies directed against the usual microbial agents of domestic and farmer’s HP and antigens derived from microbiological culture and extracts of various argan products. Subjects with episodes of flu-like syndrome several hours after handling argan cakes, were submitted to a one-hour challenge to argan cakes followed by physical examination, determination of Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (DLCO) and chest CT-scan on day 2, and, when necessary, bronchoalveolar lavage on day 4.ResultsSix of the nine workers experienced flu-like symptoms within 8 hours after argan handling. After challenge, two subjects presented a significant decrease of DLCO and alveolitis with mild lymphocytosis, and one presented ground glass opacities. These two patients and another patient presented significant arcs to both granulates and non-sterile powder. No reactivity was observed to sterile argan finished product, antigens derived from argan cultures (various species of Bacillus) and Streptomyces marokkonensis (reported in the literature to contaminate argan roots).ConclusionsWe report the first evidence of hypersensitivity pneumonitis related to argan powder in two patients. This implies preventive measures to reduce their exposure and clinical survey to diagnose early symptoms. As exposure routes are different and antibodies were observed against argan powder and not the sterile form, consumers using argan-based cosmetics should not be concerned

Isabelle Coutant, Délit de jeunesse. La justice face aux quartiers

L’ouvrage d’Isabelle Coutant aurait pu s’intituler « l’éducation morale », puisqu’il commence par le récit de la conversion morale du jeune Walter. Ce jeune homme d’origine Ivoirienne a très tôt basculé dans la délinquance : à 14 ans, déjà bien inséré dans le milieu du « business », il est suivi par un éducateur de la protection judiciaire de la jeunesse. Il va enchaîner stages et récidives jusqu’à ce qu’on l’oriente à 17 ans dans une formation d’animateur. Lorsqu’il se retrouve en position d..

Droit à l'emploi et magistratures sociales : vers une politique des situations ?

Social Magistracies and the Right to Employaient : Toward a Policy of Situations ? Employment policy is fundamentally concerned with the social protection of individuals by society. Work policy must ensure that the competencies of individuals are utilised in truly useful work. This article presents two opposing measures for employment policy : « contrats emploi-solidarité » (solidarity employment contracts) and « emplois-jeunes » (youth employment). The first is dominated by the need to provide minimum social protection of human dignity. The second affirms the responsibility of individuals to define their professional activity. Should one adopt the social dept argument or lean towards individual competencies ? Depending on whether the social individual or the individual as a person is highly evaluated, the balance leans either toward employment or work.Une politique de l'emploi implique de se préoccuper avant tout de la protection sociale des individus, et une politique du travail de rechercher les aptitudes des individus à exercer un travail réellement utile. Cet article présente deux mesures opposées de la politique pour l'emploi : les contrats emploi-solidarité et les emplois-jeunes. Dans la première, domine le souci d'assurer une protection sociale minimale de la dignité ; pour la seconde, est affirmée la responsabilité de l'individu dans la définition de son activité professionnelle. Faut-il épouser le registre de la dette sociale ou bien se rapprocher des compétences individuelles ? Ainsi, sous l'effet de l'évaluation forte de l'individu social ou de l'individu en tant que personne, la balance va pencher soit vers l'emploi, soit vers le travail.Astier Isabelle. Droit à l'emploi et magistratures sociales : vers une politique des situations ?. In: Droit et société, n°44-45, 2000. Justice et Politique (III). Les magistratures sociales. pp. 143-155

Présentation

Astier Isabelle. Présentation. In: Droit et société, n°44-45, 2000. Justice et Politique (III). Les magistratures sociales. pp. 85-89

Présentation

Astier Isabelle. Présentation. In: Droit et société, n°44-45, 2000. Justice et Politique (III). Les magistratures sociales. pp. 85-89

Du récit privé au récit civil : la construction d’une nouvelle dignité ?

L'auteur cherche à expliciter la place grandissante des biographies et des récits de vie dans les actions publiques. En effet, pour saisir ce qu'est le chômage de longue durée, ce sont les trajectoires et les situations individuelles que l'on est de plus en plus fréquemment invité à scruter, et non les données statistiques sur les groupes ou les populations. C'est donc bien l'histoire des individus qui apparaît comme décisive dans les situations de pauvreté, et le RMI (revenu minimum d'insertion) inaugure sans doute une nouvelle forme de politique sociale qui s'emploie à « tracer une diagonale du pauvre » afin de dépasser le ciblage étroit des populations par un traitement oblique des individus.The author describes how life histories play a growing part in public action. Indeed, to grasp the realities of long-term unemployment, decision-makers and analysts are now frequently asked to look at personal experiences and individual cases instead of statistical data on groups and populations. Individual life histories appear to have a decisive role to play in poverty situations, and income support measures such as the RMI (revenu minimum d'insertion) probably herald a new form of social policy that is helping to develop a transversal approach to poverty rather than a narrow focus on such populations.La autora se da como tarea el hacer explfcito el sitio creciente ocupado por las biograffas y los relates de vida en las acciones pûblicas. Efectivamente, para comprender lo que es la cesantfa prolongada, las trayectorias de vida y las situaciones individuates son el material mas frecuente que se es invitado a interpretar, y no las estadfsticas sobre los grupos y las poblaciones. La historia de individuos es asf la que aparece como decisiva en las situaciones de pobreza, y el RMI (ingreso mfnimo de insertion) inaugura ciertamente una nueva forma de politica social, que se dedica a « trazar la diagonal del pobre » para ir mas alia del apuntar estrechamente a poblaciones por medio de un tratamiento oblicuo de individuos

Le contrat d'insertion. Une façon de payer de sa personne ?

The integration contract : a way of sacrifice oneself ? Isabelle Astier [99-1131- The Minimum Integration Income (RMI) is grounded on the acknowledgement of the right to integration and creates a link between the public authorities and the beneficiary through a contract. The examination of this contract by a local commission untails the renewal or the suspension of the benefit. It means an individual hearing of the files and upsets the principle of equality. Through the meetings transcription of integration local commissions, one can see how the local situation and the reputation of the candidates count for the beneficiary. One has to gather all the biographical elements available in order to evaluate the forces and the weaknesses of the individuals. By these techniques of «close protection», the work of re-territorialization of the social intervention forces the individuals to sacrify themselves in order to enjoy their right to integration.Le contrat d'insertion: une façon de payer de sa personne ? Isabelle Astier [99-113]. Le Revenu minimum d'insertion se fonde sur la reconnaissance d'un droit à l'insertion et crée un lien entre la puissance publique et le bénéficiaire par le biais d'un contrat dont l'examen par la commission locale entraîne le renouvellement ou la suspension du versement de la prestation. Il implique une instruction et un suivi individualisés des dossiers et rompt par là même avec le principe d'égalité. À travers des transcriptions de réunions de commissions locales d'insertion, on montre combien c'est le local et ce «qui se sait» des allocataires qui importe. Il s'agit de recueillir tous les éléments biographiques disponibles pour évaluer les forces et les défaillances des individus. Par ces techniques de «protection rapprochée», le travail de reterritorialisation de l'intervention sociale oblige les individus à «payer de leur personne» pour se voir pleinement reconnaître leur droit à l'insertion.Astier Isabelle. Le contrat d'insertion. Une façon de payer de sa personne ?. In: Politix, vol. 9, n°34, Deuxième trimestre 1996. L'exclusion. Constructions, usages, épreuves, sous la direction de Marie-Claire Lavabre . pp. 99-113