Endophytes of Brazilian Medicinal Plants with Activity against Phytopathogens

Plant diseases caused by phytopathogens are responsible for significant crop losses worldwide. Resistance induction and biological control have been exploited in agriculture due to their enormous potential. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungi of leaves and petioles of medicinal plants Vochysia divergens and Stryphnodendron adstringens located in two regions of high diversity in Brazil, Pantanal, and Cerrado, respectively. We recovered 1,304 fungal isolates and based on the characteristics of the culture, were assigned to 159 phenotypes. One isolate was selected as representative of each phenotype and studied for antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. Isolates with better biological activities were identified based on DNA sequences and phylogenetic analyzes. Among the 159 representative isolates, extracts from 12 endophytes that inhibited the mycelial growth (IG) of Colletotrichum abscissum (≥40%) were selected to expand the antimicrobial analysis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts were determined against citrus pathogens, C. abscissum, Phyllosticta citricarpa and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and the maize pathogen Fusarium graminearum. The highest activity against C. abscissum were from extracts of Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum CMRP4328 (IG: 83% and MIC: 40 μg/mL) and Diaporthe vochysiae CMRP4322 (IG: 75% and MIC: 1 μg/mL), both extracts also inhibited the development of post-bloom fruit drop symptoms in citrus flowers. The extracts were promising in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. citricarpa and reducing the production of pycnidia in citrus leaves. Among the isolates that showed activity, the genus Diaporthe was the most common, including the new species D. cerradensis described in this study. In addition, high performance liquid chromatography, UV detection, and mass spectrometry and thin layer chromatography analyzes of extracts produced by endophytes that showed high activity, indicated D. vochysiae CMRP4322 and P. stromaticum CMRP4328 as promising strains that produce new bioactive natural products. We report here the capacity of endophytic fungi of medicinal plants to produce secondary metabolites with biological activities against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. The description of the new species D. cerradensis, reinforces the ability of medicinal plants found in Brazil to host a diverse group of fungi with biotechnological potential

Processo de validação de instrumento que permite avaliar o pensamento tático de crianças

The goal: validate an instrument that can measure the tactical thinking of the children when in passing, in-game engines invasion. Methods: The validation of the test, five experts trained in physical education and sports specialists. He headed the evaluation of these experts, 15 photographs. In order to achieve validation of the instrument were adopted the concordance index> 0.8 among experts about the test items. Results: Ten photographs showed concordance index >0.8. Conclusion: Unable to verify and record that the instrument can serve the function for which it was drafted.Validar un instrumento que pudiera medir el pensamineto táctico de niños, dentro de situaciones de pase en juegos motores de invasión. Métodos: participaron de la validación del test cinco peritos graduados en Educación Física y expertos en juegos deportivos. Se les envió a los peritos, para evaluación, 15 fotografías. Con el fin de conseguir la validación del instrumento, se adoptó el índice de concordancia > 0,8 entre los peritos sobre los ítems del test. Resultados: cinco fotografías presentaron índice de concordancia < 0,8. De las 10 fotografías validadas, se consiguió estabelecer el solucionario del test y el resultado patrón. Conclusión: se consiguió verificar que el instrumento atiende a la función para la que se ha elaborado.RESUMOObjetivo principal: validar um instrumento que consiga mensurar o pensamento tático das crianças quando em situação de passe, nos jogos motores de invasão. Métodos: Participaram da validação do teste, cinco peritos formados em Educação Física e especialistas em jogos esportivos.  Encaminhou-se à avaliação destes peritos, 15 fotografias. A fim de conseguir a validação do instrumento, foi adotado o índice de concordância > 0,8 entre os peritos sobre os itens do teste. Resultados: Dez fotografias apresentaram índice de concordância > 0,8. Conclusão: Conseguiu-se verificar e constar que o instrumento consegue atender a função para o qual ele foi elaborado.

O estudante à luz da evolução : análise da evolução biológica nos livros didáticos do Ensino Médio (PNLD 2015)

Orientador: Evander Ruthieri Saturno da SilvaCoorientadora: Carina Catiana FoppaTrabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Licenciatura) - Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciências Biológicas. Curso de Graduação em Ciências Biológicas