Root zone salinity management using fractional skimming wells with pressurized irrigation: Inception report

Wells / Aquifers / Pumping / Groundwater irrigation / Water quality / Salinity control / Irrigation programs / Climate / Waterlogging / Drainage / Soils / Land use / Cropping systems / Farm income

Comments on "Lie group analysis of natural convection heat and mass transfer in an inclined surface"

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The Relativistic Generalization of the Gravitational Force for Arbitrary Spacetimes

It has been suggested that re-expressing relativity in terms of forces could provide fresh insights. The formalism developed for this purpose only applied to static, or conformally static, space-times. Here we extend it to arbitrary space-times. It is hoped that this formalism may lead to a workable definition of mass and energy in relativity.Comment: 16 page

Mutual prodrug of cephazolin and benzydamin: 3-[(1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)­oxy]-N,N-dimethyl­propan-1-aminium 3-{[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thia­diazol-2-yl)sulfan­yl]meth­yl}-8-oxo-7-[(1H-tetra­zol-1-yl)acetamido]-5-thia-1-aza­bicyclo­[4.2.0]octane-2-carboxyl­ate (benzydaminium cephazolinate)

In the crystal of the title mol­ecular salt, C19H24N3O+·C14H13N8O4S3 −, the cations and anions are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Short intra­molecular C—H⋯O contacts occur within the anion and inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π bonds help to establish the packing

Thermal instability in ionized plasma

We study magnetothermal instability in the ionized plasmas including the effects of Ohmic, ambipolar and Hall diffusion. Magnetic field in the single fluid approximation does not allow transverse thermal condensations, however, non-ideal effects highly diminish the stabilizing role of the magnetic field in thermally unstable plasmas. Therefore, enhanced growth rate of thermal condensation modes in the presence of the diffusion mechanisms speed up the rate of structure formation.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space Scienc

A Solar PV Based Multistage Grid Tie Inverter

The inherent advantage of fuel less and maintenance free energy production from solar photovoltaic makes it a very important source of energy. For harnessing power from the solar photovoltaic (PV) cell/array and to supply it to the utility grid, dc to ac inverters is needed. The conventional line commutated dc-to-ac inverter has square shaped line current which contains higher order harmonics whereas PWM based inverters employing IGBT/ MOSFET are less reliable and has low power handling capability. Moreover, a dc-to-dc converter is generally employed along with the inverter circuit to operate the solar PV array at maximum power point. It adds to the cost, which increases with the size of the system. This paper describes a multistage series converter topology for solar PV based grid tie inverter with low harmonic in line current and inbuilt maximum power point tracking (MPPT) features. The developed prototype has been experimentally tested and verified.Keywords: Multistage converter, Grid tie inverter, Maximum power point tracker (MPPT), Total harmonic distortion, photovoltaic system

A rare study from the wintering grounds provides insight into the costs of malaria infection for migratory birds

Malaria parasites can have strong effects on the population dynamics and evolution of migratory bird species. In many species, parasite transmission occurs on the wintering grounds, but studies to determine the consequences of infection have taken place during the breeding season, when malaria parasites circulate at chronic levels. We examined the predictors of malarial infections for great reed warblers during the northern winter in Africa, where active parasite transmission is thought to occur and naïve individuals experience acute infections. Counter to expectations, we found that winter infection intensities were lower than those encountered on the breeding grounds. One potential explanation is that reduced immune function during breeding allows parasites to persist at higher chronic intensities. We found no relationships between the incidence or intensity of infection on condition (as measured by scaled mass index, plasma metabolites, and feather corticosterone), spring migration departure dates, or home range sizes. We also tested a prediction of the Hamilton–Zuk hypothesis and found that male ornament (song) quality was unrelated to parasitic infection status. Overall, our results provide the first evidence that long‐distance migrants captured on their wintering grounds are in the chronic stage of infection, and suggest that winter studies may fare no better than breeding studies at determining the costs of acute malarial infection for great reed warblers.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Wiley via http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jav.0087

Maximum power point tracking of partial shaded photovoltaic array using an evolutionary algorithm: a particle swarm optimization technique

 Partial shading is one of the unavoidable complications in the field of solar power generation. Although the most common approach in increasing a photovoltaic (PV) array’s efficiency has always been to introduce a bypass diode to the said array, this poses another problem in the form of multi-peaks curves whenever the modules are partially shaded. To further complicate matters, most conventional Maximum Power Point Tracking methods develop errors under certain circumstances (for example, they detect the local Maximum Power Point (MPP) instead of the global MPP) and reduce the efficiency of PV systems even further. Presently, much research has been undertaken to improve upon them. This study aims to employ an evolutionary algorithm technique, also known as particle swarm optimization, in MPP detection. VC 2014 Author(s)

Decays and spectrum of bottom and bottom strange mesons

The strong decay amplitudes and radiative partial widths of orbital and radially excited states of $B$ and $B_s$ mesons are presented. These results are obtained with a nonrelativistic potential quark model, the nonrelativistic reduction of the electromagnetic transition operator, and the "$^3P_0$" model of strong decays. The predictions are compared to experiment where possible and assignments for the recently discovered states, $B_1(5721)$, $B_2^*(5747)$, $B_J(5840)$, $B_J(5970)$, $B_{s1}(5830)$, and $B_{s2}^*(5840)$, are made.Comment: 36 pages, 3 figure