The ancient DNA and archaeobotanical analysis suggest cultivation of Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta at Yumuktepe and Yenikapı Pottery Neolithic sites in Turkey

Archaeobotanical materials subject to aDNA analysis were recovered from Yumuktepe and Yenikapı, two important archaeological sites in Anatolia and date back to the Pottery Neolithic Period i.e., 7th millennium BC. Many charred ancient seeds representing various cereal species including a great number of wheat grains were documented in mentioned sites. Among the cereal seeds, charred wheat samples were tentatively identified as Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta L. or Triticum new glume wheat (NGW) or atypical emmer or naked wheat in Yumuktepe and Yenikapı showed similarities with the morphological characteristics of T. aestivum subsp. spelta wheat, but it was difficult to reach a firm conclusion. This study aimed to provide genetic data to enable more precise identification of charred wheat seeds using an ancient DNA (aDNA) approach. aDNAs were successfully extracted from the representative charred seeds of T. aestivum subsp. spelta or NGW or atypical emmer or naked wheat. The PCR amplification of 26SrDNA and IGS gene regions with aDNA was carried out and sequenced. The expected product sizes of IGS 158 bp for the D genome and 87 bp for the A or B genomes and DNA sequence comparisons with other wheat species revealed that T. aestivum subsp. spelta or NGW or atypical emmer or naked wheat samples included the D genome from Aegilops tauschii and is more likely to be T. aestivum subsp. spelta. The discovery of T. aestivum subsp. spelta grains in the Yenikapı and Yumuktepe suggest that the cultivation of hexaploid wheat was widespread. Further, spelta hulled wheat, which is the progenitor of the hexaploid wheat, might have been cultivated in these settlements. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V

Craneometric canine types are well expressed at the level of the zygomatic arch conformation

Dentro del espectro de conformación del cráneo, se reconocen generalmente tres amplias categorías que se corresponden con el concepto de biotipo cefálico, determinado por el Índice Cefálico. El Estos tres biotipos cefálicos son: el braquiocefálico, mesaticefálico y dolicocefálico, pero están basados en medidas lineales. A fin de revisar esta clasificación en base a su geometría, se estudiaron 53 cráneos de perros adultos, correspondientes a los tres grupos craneométricos descritos: 16 braquicéfalos, 20 mesaticéfalos y 17 dolicocéfalos. Para ello se obtuvieron fotografías en el plano ventral, en las que posteriormente se ubicaron 17 hitos anatómicos que se analizaron mediante técnicas de morfometría geométrica. De estos hitos, 5 correspondían a la zona neurocraneal y el resto al esplacnocráneo. Los tres grupos craneométricos mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ellos tanto por el tamaño como por la forma. Las variables que contribuyeron más a explicar la diferenciación fueron las ubicadas en el margen más lateral de los arcos cigomáticos y en la base de este mismo arco. Las variables esplacnocraneales presentaban una alometría mucho más marcada que las neurocráneos. Puesto que el arco cigomático debe ser considerado como parte del esplacnocráneo, sugerimos que es tan importante el índice cefálico (que tiene en cuenta la máxima anchura de la cabeza) como el facial (que tiene en cuenta la máxima anchura de la cara). La conformación neurocraneal sería mucho más conservativa y por ende el índice craneal, de mucho menor poder discriminatorio entre grupos. El cambio entre tipos se debería a los músculos masetero y temporal, que tienen su inserción en el arco.Within the wide conformation of skull spectrum, there are generally three recognized broad categories that correspond to the concept of cephalic biotype, determined by the cephalic index. The three cephalic biotypes are: brachiocephalic, mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic, which are based on linear measures. In order to revise this classification based on its geometry, we studied 53 skulls of adult dogs, corresponding to the three craneometric groups previously described: 16 brachycephalic, 20 mesaticephalic and 17 dolichocephalic. Images on ventral plane were obtained and 17 anatomical landmarks were subsequently located and analyzed by means of geometric morphometric techniques. Five of those landmarks corresponded to the neurocraneal area and the rest of the splanchnocranium. The three craneometric groups showed statistically significant differences between them for both size and shape. The variables that contributed to the differentiation between them were located along the edge of the zygomatic arches and on the basis of this arch. Splanchnocranial variables also presented a much more marked allometry than the neurocraneal variables. Since the zygomatic arch should be considered as part of the splanchnocranium, we suggest that the cephalic index (which takes into account the maximum width of the head) is as important as the facial index (which takes into account the maximum width of the face). The neurocraneal index would be much more conservative, and therefore less discriminatory between the groups

Istanbul's Roman and Byzantine sea trade in the light of finds from Yenikapı Marmaray and metro rescue excavations

Yüksek Lisans Tezi'Yenikapı Marmaray ve Metro Kurtarma Kazıları Buluntuları Işığında İstanbul'un Roma ve Bizans Dönemi Deniz Ticareti? araştırması, İstanbul'un ve dünyanın en önemli ulaşım projelerinden olan Marmaray ve Metro raylı sistem yapım çalışmaları kapsamında yapılan arkeolojik kurtarma kazılarının arkeolojik ve tarihsel yönlü ilk araştırmalarından biridir. 2004 yılından bu yana sürdürülen kazı çalışmaları tariöncesi ve sonrasına ait binlerce arkeolojik küçük buluntu ve onlarca mimari kalıntıyı ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bununla beraber yine bu kazılar sonucunda Dünyanın karada ortaya çıkarılmış en büyük batık gemi filosu ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Tüm bu kalıntı ve buluntular yerli ve yabancı birçok bilim adamı ile birlikte Türk kamuoyunun da dikkatini ve ilgisini çekmektedir. Gerçektende ortaya çıkarılan eserler Dünyanın ve İstanbul'un arkeolojisi ve tarihi için çok önemli buluntular olarak kabul edilmektedir. Böylesine önemli bir buluntu grubunun bir ön araştırma şeklinde de olsa yayınının yapılması beklenilen bir çalışmaydı. Çalışmalar ile birlikte ulaşılan en önemli bilgi Theodosius limanının yerinin buluntular ile doğrulanması ve netleştirilmesidir. Ayrıca, İstanbul'un Roma ve Bizans Dönemlerindeki ticari faaliyetleri, ticareti yapılan malları ve nerelerle ticari ilişkiler içinde olduğuna dair somut veriler elde edilmiştir. Yine 5-11. yüzyıllara tarihlendirilen 35 adet batığın, konusunda uzman ekiplerce araştırmaları sonucunda, dönemin gemi yapım teknolojisi konusunda daha önce bilinmeyen çok önemli bilgilere ulaşılmıştır.AbstractResearch of 'İstanbul's Roman and Byzantine Sea Trade in the Light of Finds from Yenikapı Marmaray and Metro Rescue Excavations' is Istanbul and the world?s most important transportation projects that Marmaray and metro rail system construction works within the context of the archeological rescue excavation of the archeological and historical way of preliminary research. The excavations as a result of work since 2004, thousands of archaeological small finds and tens of architectural remains has revealed which are dated from prehistoric ages to late antiquity. However as a result of these excavations one of the world's largest fleet of sunken wrecks which are located on the shore. All of these ruins and artifacts attract the attention of native foreign scientists, as well as the Turkey's public opinion. Indeed, these uncovered artifacts are very important for science of Istanbul and world's archaeology and history. Such an important group of findings, albeit in the form of a preliminary study was expected to made published. Working together with the most important information reached the port of Theodosius to be verified with the place and finds net. In addition, Roman and Byzantine in Istanbul's commercial activities, trade in commercial relations with the goods and where there is solid data have been obtained. Again 5-11. dated to the 35th century wreck of pieces, as a result of research by an expert team, period shipbuilding technology in the very important information has been previously unknown

Excavations in Küçük Ayasofya Street, Eminönü, Istanbul

Gökçay M. Metin, Asal Rahmi. Excavations in Küçük Ayasofya Street, Eminönü, Istanbul. In: Anatolia Antiqua, Tome 16, 2008. pp. 207-230

GEÇMİŞİ YAŞATMAK: YENİKAPI BATIKLARI-KEEPING THE PAST ALIVE: THE YENİKAPI SHIPWRECKS

The salvage excavations carried out in the Yenikapı quarter of İstanbul by the İstanbul Archaeological Museums between 2004 and 2013 have yielded the Theodosius Harbor which was known to have been located on the shore of Marmara Sea in Constantinople during the Byzantine Period. The 37 shipwrecks found during the excavations dating from the 5th to the 11th centuries AD, represent the largest collection of medieval ships unearthed from a single excavation site. The present paper discusses the excavation, documentation, removal, and conservation processes of the 31 shipwrecks excavated under the responsibility of the İstanbul University’s Department of Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects. We used maximum water content measurements, and FT-IR, SEM, SEM-EDX, XRF, XRD analyses to determine the degree of degradation of waterlogged timbers and the conditions leading to this degradation. Both chemical and mechanical methods were applied to remove iron corrosion products from the wood following desalination. For conservation of these waterlogged timbers, we mainly use PEG (polyethylene glycol) and melamine-formaldehyde resin when appropriate. The melamine-formaldehyde method was preferred when the water content in the ship’s wood was high and the wood density was low. The timbers which were relatively in a better condition and more likely to be displayed in the future were first impregnated with PEG with a molecular weight of 400, 2000, 3350 and 4000 based on the density and the maximum water content of the wood, followed by vacuum freeze drying

Craneometric Canine Types are Well Expressed at the Level of the Zygomatic Arch Conformation

Within the wide conformation of skull spectrum, there are generally three recognized broad categories that correspond to the concept of cephalic biotype, determined by the cephalic index. The three cephalic biotypes are: brachiocephalic, mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic, which are based on linear measures. In order to revise this classification based on its geometry, we studied 53 skulls of adult dogs, corresponding to the three craneometric groups previously described: 16 brachycephalic, 20 mesaticephalic and 17 dolichocephalic. Images on ventral plane were obtained and 17 anatomical landmarks were subsequently located and analyzed by means of geometric morphometric techniques. Five of those landmarks corresponded to the neurocraneal area and the rest of the splanchnocranium. The three craneometric groups showed statistically significant dicremes between them for both size and shape. The variables that contributed to the differentiation between them were located along the edge of the zygomatic arches and on the basis of this arch. Splanchnocranial variables also presented a much more marked allometry than the neurocraneal variables. Since the zygomatic arch should be considered as part of the splanchnocranium, we suggest that the cephalic index (which takes into account the maximum width of the head) is as important as the facial index (which takes into account the maximum width of the face). The neurocraneal index would he much more conservative, and therefore less discriminatory between cell the groups

Los Tipos Craneométricos Caninos Aparecen Bien Expresadosa Nivel de Conformación del Arco Cigomático

Within the wide conformation of skull spectrum, there are generally three recognized broad categories that correspond to the concept of cephalic biotype, determined by the cephalic index. The three cephalic biotypes are: brachiocephalic, mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic, which are based on linear measures. In order to revise this classification based on its geometry, we studied 53 skulls of adult dogs, corresponding to the three craneometric groups previously described: 16 brachycephalic, 20 mesaticephalic and 17 dolichocephalic. Images on ventral plane were obtained and 17 anatomical landmarks were subsequently located and analyzed by means of geometric morphometric techniques. Five of those landmarks corresponded to the neurocraneal area and the rest of the splanchnocranium. The three craneometric groups showed statistically significant differences between them for both size and shape. The variables that contributed to the differentiation between them were located along the edge of the zygomatic arches and on the basis of this arch. Splanchnocranial variables also presented a much more marked allometry than the neurocraneal variables. Since the zygomatic arch should be considered as part of the splanchnocranium, we suggest that the cephalic index (which takes into account the maximum width of the head) is as important as the facial index (which takes into account the maximum width of the face). The neurocraneal index would be much more conservative, and therefore less discriminatory between the groups