Real Exchange Rates, Dollarization and Industrial Employment in Latin America

This paperuses a panel dataset on industrial employment and trade for 9 Latin American countries for which liability dollarization data at the industrial level is available. It tests whether real exchange rate fluctuations have a significant impact on employment, and analyze whether the impact varies with the degree of trade openness and liability dollarization. Econometric evidence supports the view that real exchange rate depreciations can impact employment growth positively, but this effect is reversed as liability dollarization increases. In industries with high liability dollarization, the overall impact of a real exchange rate depreciation can be negative.

Una nota sobre la relevancia del control monetario en procesos de estabilización

El propósito del presente trabajo es estudiar la relación existente entre algunos agregados monetarios y el nivel de precios utilizando técnicas econométricas ampliamente conocidas. Para efectos de la investigación, se construye un agregado monetario tipo Divisa, el cual se constituye en un agregado óptimo a lo largo del trabajo. Finalmente, se estudia la importancia del crecimiento de los agregados monetarios y de variables de expectativas en la determinación de la inflación. En el "mejor" de los modelos estimados se concluye que las dos variables son relevantes

Real exchange rates, dollarization and industrial employment in Latin America

We use a panel dataset on industrial employment and trade for 9 Latin American countries for which liability dollarization data at the industrial level is available. We test whether real exchange rate fluctuations have a significant impact on employment, and analyze whether the impact varies with the degree of trade openness and liability dollarization. Econometric evidence supports the view that real exchange rate depreciations can impact employment growth positively, but this effect is reversed as liability dollarization increases. In industries with high liability dollarization, the overall impact of a real exchange rate depreciation can be negative. [resumen de autor

Estudio preliminar sobre la diversidad, distribución y abundancia de cetáceos en aguas profundas del Golfo de México | Cetaceans in deep water of Gulf of Mexico

El Golfo de México es uno de los cuerpos de agua más productivos del mundo a nivel ecológico y económico. A pesar que sus aguas albergan uno de los ecosistemas más espectaculares y con mayor diversidad biológica de la Tierra existe poca información al respecto. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la diversidad, distribución y abundancia de cetáceos en la región Norte del Golfo de México, comprendida entre los 22° 56’ N, 95° 51’ W y los 19° 06’ N, 95° 16’ W. El área de estudio se extiende desde la frontera con Estados Unidos de América hasta Alvarado, Veracruz. Se realizaron transectos lineales y sistemáticos a bordo de un crucero entre el 19 de febrero al 22 de abril del 2008, representando un esfuerzo total de navegación de 756 h. Se estimó la diversidad del área empleando el Índice de Diversidad de Margalef y la abundanciaabsoluta y la posición geográfica de los individuos avistados, la profundidad, la visibilidad y el estado del mar. Se avistaron 5 especies: tonina ó delfín nariz de botella (Tursiops truncatus), falsa orca (Pseudorca crassidens), delfín de dientes rugosos (Steno bredanensis), delfín moteado del atlántico (Stenella frontalis) y delfín de clymene (Stenella clymene). La diversidad de cetáceos estimada fue de 0,870, la abundancia para toda el área de estudio fue de 12084 (CV = 65,21%), la densidad fue de 0,619 cetáceos/km2 (CV = 65,21%) y la densidad de grupos fue de 0,210 cetáceos/km2 (CV = 51,71%). Los cetáceos registrados se distribuyen en profundidades que van de los 300 a los 3000 metros. Las cinco especies de mamíferos marinos avistadas representan el 18% de las especies reportadas en la zona exclusiva de los Estados Unidos del Golfo de México.Palabras clave: Diversidad, distribución, abundancia, mamíferos marinos, cetáceaos, Veracruz, Golfo de MéxicoABSTRACTThe Gulf of Mexico is one of the most productive bodies of water in the World at an ecological and economic level. Its waters harbor spectacular ecosystems, and one of the greatest biological diversity on earth, but there is a lack of information in Mexican waters. Consequently, the objective of this study was to investigate the diversity, distribution and relative abundance of marine mammals in the Northern Region of the Gulf of Mexico. The study area lies between the parallels 25° 40’ N, 95° 03’ W and 19° 06’ N, 95° 16’ W. This area was from the border with the United States down to Alvarado, Veracruz State, Mexico. An oceanographic ship was used to carry on line transects that covered the entire study area. The diversity was estimated using the Margalef Diversity Index and the abundance was estimated using the Distance Sampling methodology. The distribution was determine registering the observed animals position using a GPS, and the relative abundance was estimated by the total animals observed divided by the total search effort. Six cetacean species were observed: Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens), Risso’s dolphins (Steno bredanensis), Spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis), and unidentified species of dolphin. The estimated marine mammaldiversity was 0.870 for the entire study area according to the Margalef Index. The abundance for the entire study area was 12084 (CV = 65.21), density was 0.619 cetaceans/km2 (CV = 65.21), and group density was 0.210 cetaceans/km2 (CV = 65.21%). The observed cetaceans were found in waters depths that ranged from 300 m to 3000. The relative abundance forwas 0.12 cetacean/hr for all the study area. The five cetacean species identified represent 18% of the reported species for the U.S. waters in the Gulf of Mexico, thus, our study area is high in marine mammal diversity.Key words: Diversity, distribution, abundance, marine mammals, cetaceans, Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico

Regulated deficit irrigation in table olive trees during a sensitive period

Olive tree is one of the most important irrigated fruit at Spain (around 400.000 ha). The water needs in olive orchard are greater than the water availability. Therefore, deficit conditions are common at the field. The aim of this work is to study a regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) scheduling based on midday stem water potential (Y) that limits irrigation before harvest. The experiment was performed at La Hampa experimental farm (Coria del río, Seville, Spain) in 45 years-old olive (cv Manzanillo). Three irrigation treatments in a complete randomized block design were performed during 2014.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), (AGL2013-45922-C2-1-R).Peer Reviewe