Questions of authentication and standardization of white varieties of Ceylon tea imported to Russia

The article raises questions concerning the reasons for the falsification of white tea varieties in Russia, the possibility of determining its authenticity by instrumental and sensory methods. The technological process and parameters of brewing leaves of white tea varieties, for example, silver tea, are considered. The criteria for the organoleptic evaluation of the silver tea infusion are developed with repeated brewing by "spillage" metho

Application of phosphocreatine in the treatment of a patient with acute myocardial infarction on the background of auxiliary circulation

The clinical case of maintaining the patient with a sharp transmural myocardial infarction front septal areas and tops of the left ventricle, the cardiogenic shock of the II degree and alveolar hypostasis of lungs are described. In the treatment of the patient auxiliary blood circulation in the form of installation of an intra aortal balloon counterpulsation in the descending department of an aorta was applie

Linking markemes in Russian and British literary texts of the first half of the nineteenth century

The paper aims at visualizing and analyzing the markeme links in literary texts of Russian and British writers of the first half of nineteenth century. According to the target goal, the tasks of determining the preferred markeme links between the authors, substantial study of maximum force markeme links and comparing the linking markeme vocabulary in Russian and English literary texts have been solved. The topicality of this study is conditioned by the need to devise the ways of cognitive-graphical representations of analytic data and their semantic interpretation and by the scarcity of comparative quantitative studies of the language of Russian and English literary texts, which could present information for comparative and typological analysis of language and literary processes.The study of markeme links is one of the ways of formalized content analysis of the text. The scientists identified regularities to which the texts in natural languages are subject. This enables the use of the mathematical apparatus in linguistic studies. The use of both digital and traditional linguistic studies methods allows analyzing text corpora with mathematical and statistical methods and composing national text corpora, corpora of translations, interactive maps, creating social networks of writers, poets, philosophers, modeling script texts into picture line, analyzing text sentiment, running network analysis and so on. This article suggests analyzing markeme links of maximum force in pairs of authors when comparing “with each other”. The method of markeme analysis proposed by A.A. Kretov as one of the means to formalize the semantical analysis of the text is used to solve the set tasks. It provides a means of presenting a complete picture of literary works language markeme composition of any chronological interval or historical period. It also gives the possibility to analyze texts practically of any wordage. Besides the method of markeme analysis allows analyzing markeme composition of literary (especially - fiction) works of individual authors or groups of authors, markeme specifications and the influence of social and cultural processes on markeme dynamics, studying the evolution of markeme vocabulary through several chronological intervals and establishing literary and genetic links between authors who belong to the same or different chronological intervals an individual DH prospect developed by A.A. Kretov, his colleagues and scholars. Its potential is not limited with solving the given problems. As a qualitative and quantitative analysis, markemological studies employ markeme analysis as a method. This method allows formalizing semantic analysis of texts. Markeme analysis is a method of computer-based identification of keywords, or markemes, followed by visualization of obtained data in the form of bar graphs, charts, graphs, clusters that undergo semantic interpretation. A.A. Kretov developed sharply defined notions on how to identify markemes using a special formula to calculate author's weight or Index of Textual Markedness. The computational formula expresses functionality between a frequency weight and a length weight of a word. As the length weight of a word is constant because it depends on the length of the word in letters or sounds, it is the value of frequency weight that determines the value of InTeM. When a word distribution in the text exceeds a standard frequency distribution threshold for this word, the value of its InTeM becomes positive thereby expressing the level of significance for the word in the particular text. The texts are processed with word thematic analysis manipulation programs “TemAl” and “ProTemAl-Engl” developed in Voronezh State University. “TemAl” processes Russian texts and “ProTemAl-Engl” does the same with English texts. These programs calculate the value of InTeM for each word as well. To guarantee comparability of markeme weights of different authors the procedure of normalizing InTeM values is carried out. This is due to the fact that too often there is great difference both in number of works and their length in words written by different authors and their availability in digital form. InTeM normalizing eliminates their incorrect correlation. The analysis of linking markemes that establish markeme links between two or more authors allows determining the degree of markeme similarity between the authors of chronological interval. Mutual markemes are selected from each author markeme list. Index of Markeme Similarity (IMaS) is the measurable parameter that gives possibility to determine the degree of generality of markeme lexicon of two authors. The computation of IMaS in each pair of authors belonging to the chronological interval is based on the value of total normalized indices of textual markedness of their mutual markemes. The mutual markemes of those two writers that have the largest value of IMaS are their linking markemes. The value of IMaS determines the power of markeme link. When the value of IMaS is the largest for only one writer in the pair, a directional or oriented link of maximum power is formed. In case the value of IMaS is the largest for both writers in the pair, mutually oriented link is formed between them. The present study results in the analysis of linking markemes in the texts of Russian and British writers of the first half of the nineteenth century in reference to the distinguished centre of attraction. The method of visualizing the links between the authors who belong to the same chronological interval allows to distinguish the centre of attraction and intermediate centres of zero, first and second degree, to compute the power of centripetal links, to stratify and analyze linking markemes, to study markeme specificity of the centre of attraction and to distinguish markemes that provide an indirect link between the centre of attraction and intermediate centres. The use of the algorithm of visualizing markeme relations between the authors provides a means of revealing existing centrifugal and centripetal markeme links between the writers, distinguishing the centre of attraction, identifying its major figures and the authors who have direct or indirect markeme links of maximum force with each of them. Obtained data make it possible to compute the power of the center of attraction and the semantic study of maximum force markeme links leads to the specification of both the intermediate centres that are represented by key figures of the centre of attraction and the centre of attraction itself

Management of investment attractiveness of enterprises: Principles, methods, organization

In modern conditions for effective activity of the enterprise is particularly relevant is the problem of the mobilization and effective use of investments. Investment attractiveness is an integral part of business activity of business entities, including production, innovation, market, marketing and other activity. Formation of investment attractiveness, the development of a clear investment strategy, determining its priorities, to mobilize all sources of investment is critical to sustainable and qualitative development of enterprises in today's challenging environment. It is the process of investing; the firm sets the rhythm of existence in the period before the implementation of the new investment project. The logic of the functioning of the company is presented as follows: Investments - the period of growth of fixed costs - the company achieve non-profit development (the threshold of profitability) - capacity-financial stability - new investments, etc. the Existence and efficient operation of the enterprise in market conditions of managing unrealistic without well-established management of its capital, that is, the main types of funding (investment of resources) in the form of material and money, various types of financial instruments. Capital of the company is, on the one hand, the source and the result of activity of the enterprise

On the Structure of Advective Accretion Disks At High Luminosity

Global solutions of optically thick advective accretion disks around black holes are constructed. The solutions are obtained by solving numerically a set of ordinary differential equations corresponding to a steady axisymmetric geometrically thin disk. We pay special attention to consistently satisfy the regularity conditions at singular points of the equations. For this reason we analytically expand a solution at the singular point, and use coefficients of the expansion in our iterative numerical procedure. We obtain consistent transonic solutions in a wide range of values of the viscosity parameter alpha and mass acretion rate. We compare two different form of viscosity: one takes the shear stress to be proportional to the pressure, while the other uses the angular velocity gradient-dependent stress. We find that there are two singular points in solutions corresponding to the pressure-proportional shear stress. The inner singular point locates close to the last stable orbit around black hole. This point changes its type from a saddle to node depending on values of alpha and accretion rate. The outer singular point locates at larger radius and is always of a saddle-type. We argue that, contrary to the previous investigations, a nodal-type inner singular point does not introduce multiple solutions. Only one integral curve, which corresponds to the unique global solution, passes simultaneously the inner and outer singular points independently of the type of inner singular point. Solutions with the angular velocity gradient-dependent shear stress have one singular point which is always of a saddle-type and corresponds to the unique global solution. The structure of accretion disks corresponding to both viscosities are similar.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Ap

Petro- and paleomagnetic characteristics of the structural-material complexes of the diamond mining of the nyurbinskaya pipe (Middle Markha district, West Yakutia)

Modeling of physical and geological properties of a study object is an integral part of geological surveys at each stage. Without a model of physical and geological properties (PhGM) it is impossible to obtain a complete set of reflection indicators of an object in physical fields. The models are useful in solving a wide range of tasks on substantiation of survey methods and routines for interpreting the field data. Generally, a mineral deposit FGM contains the main elements represented by structural-material complexes (SMC) characterized by specific values of geometrical and physical parameters. We attempted at developing an PhGM of the diamond deposits controlled by the Middle Paleozoic trappe magmatism zone of the Vilyui paleoaulacogen. With this goal, in the period from 2002 to 2016, we carried out petrographic, paleomagnetic and geochemical studies of the SMC of the Nyurbinskaya pipe of Nakyn kimberlite field located in the Middle Markha district, West Yakutia. We studied terrigenous-carbonate rocks of the Late Cambrian of the Morkokinskaya and Oldondinskaya suites (ϵ3mrk and ϵ3-O1ol, respectively), dolerites of the Vilyui- Markha intrusive complex (βPZ2vm), autolithic kimberlite breccias of the Nakyn intrusive complex (iPZ2nk), and sandstones of the Early Jurassic Ukugut suite (J1UK). Important information was obtained on a wide range of petromagnetic parameters and paleomagnetism of the deposit SMC, elemental chemical composition of ferromagnetic minerals, and other data that can prove useful in discovering promising kimberlite sites in the Vilyui-Markha dike belt. The position of the paleomagnetic pole for the Late Cambrian of the Siberian Platform was clarified: latitude Φ=-35°, longitude Λ=136°, and confidence intervals dp/dm=3.5/6.9°. The poles were estimated for kimberlites (Φ=-11.5°, Λ=111.2°, dp/dm=3.5/7.5°) and pre-pipe basites (Φ=-14.6°, Λ=117.4°, dp/dm=3.7/7.1°). According to the Nyurbinskaya deposit PhGM developed on the basis of the paleomagnetic data, there was the Late Silurian - Early Devonian (S2-D1) stage of kimberlite- and trappe formation. The results of our study can enhance the prospects for discovering new primary diamond deposits on the Siberian platform

Accretion disks around Black Holes with Advection and Optical Depth Transition

We consider the effects of advection and radial gradients of pressure and radial drift velocity on the structure of accretion disks around black holes with proper description of optically thick/thin transitions. We concentrated our efforts on the models with large accretion rate. Contrary to disk models neglecting advection, we find that continuous solutions extending from the outer disk regions to the inner edge exist for all accretion rates we have considered. We show that the sonic point moves outward with increasing accretion rate, and that in the innermost disk region advection acts as a heating process that may even dominate over dissipative heating. Despite the importance of advection on it's structure, the disk remains geometrically thin. Global solutions of advective accretion disks, which describe continuously the transition between optically thick outer region and optically thin inner region are constructed and analyzed.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, to be published in Proceedings of the Gamov Memorial International Conference, Odessa, Ukraine, August 8-14, 2004, Cambridge Scientific Publication

The Nuclear Spin Nanomagnet

Linearly polarized light tuned slightly below the optical transition of the negatively charged exciton (trion) in a single quantum dot causes the spontaneous nuclear spin polarization (self-polarization) at a level close to 100%. The effective magnetic field of spin-polarized nuclei brings the optical transition energy into resonance with photon energy. The resonantly enhanced Overhauser effect sustains the stability of the nuclear self-polarization even in the absence of spin polarization of the quantum dot electron. As a result the optically selected single quantum dot represents a tiny magnet with the ferromagnetic ordering of nuclear spins - the nuclear spin nanomagnet.Comment: 19 pages, including 3 figures. Short version has been accepted for publication in Physical Review Letter

Petro- and paleomagnetic studies of basalts of the upper devonian appainskaya suite (Western Yakutia)

Introduction. One of the main tasks of paleomagnetic studies is to obtain a framework of reference poles for calculating the kinematic characteristics of lithospheric taxones as a basis for geodynamic reconstructions. Each paleomagnetic reference point must have a precise (±10 Ma) geochronological dating and a maximum paleomagnetic reliability index. A correct paleomagnetic pole (PMP) can be obtained from the data of geochronological and paleomagnetic studies conducted in one and the same geological object, such as a suite, an intrusive complex etc. In the Yakutian diamondiferous province (YDP), such objects include basalt nappes of the Upper Devonian Appainskaya suite, which stratigraphic position is undoubted (Fran, 385-375 Ma). Geological setting (in brief). In the eastern segments of the Siberian platform, a powerful cycle of tectonic and magmatic activity in the Middle Paleozoic produced transgressive and sheet intrusions, volcanic pipes, lava and tuff formations comprised of basites, as well as all the currently known industrial diamondiferous kimberlite bodies. Magmatic activity of basites was associated with formation of paleorift systems, including the largest one, Viluyi paleorift (Fig. 1). In the Middle Paleozoic, the geodynamic setting for magmatism and rifting was determined by the plume-lithosphere interaction. The rise of the plume's matter underneath the thinned lithosphere was accompanied by decompression melting and formation of basaltic magmas in large volumes. We have studied basalts of the Appainskaya suite which were sampled from the Ygyatta and Markha river valleys (Fig. 2). In the coastal outcrops at the Ygyatta river, two nappes are observed, a (stratigraphically) lower outcrop 17÷23/10 containing plagiophyre palagonite basalts (upper five meters are outcropped), and an upper outcrop 16/10 containing olivinophyric palagonite basalts (upper three meters are outcropped). In the coastal outcrops of the Markha river, from the Enerdek loop to the M. Dyukteli river (outcrop 16÷20/14), only plagiophyric basalts of the lower nappe are developed. At this location, the total capacity of the basalts can reach 35-40 m. In view of the fact that the basalts lie subhorizontally at angles up to 5° (outcrop 17/14, Fig. 3), oriented samples were taken in the modern system of coordinates. Formational features of the chemical composition typical of the Middle Paleozoic intrusive basites (higher contents of Ti, Fe and K) are less clear in derivatives of the effusive facies. By their chemical composition, the basalts are normal alkalinity rocks (the sum of alkali not higher than 3.05 %; SiO2=48.1-49.7 %; rather moderate content of TiO2=1.9-2.5 %) (Fig. 4 A, B). The amount of magnesia (Mg#) ranges from 46 to 56. The main carriers of natural remanent magnetization (NRM, In) are titanomagnetites that belong to titanomagnetite and hemo-ilmenite series (Fig. 4). Research. Our research was conducted in specialized laboratories using modern equipment and facilities of Geo- Scientific Research Enterprise (NIGP) PJSC ALROSA (Mirny), Institute of the Earth's Crust SB RAS (Irkutsk), Kazan Federal University (Kazan) and Institute of Geology of Diamond and Precious Metals SB RAS (Yakutsk). Research results. By magnetic (scalar and vector) parameters, basalts of the Appainskaya suite are characterized by the bimodal distribution of magnetic susceptibility values, NRM and æ: geometric means are 810·10-5 Si-units and 225·10-3 A/m, respectively, at the Ygyatta river, and 1470·10-5 SI-units and 490·10-3 A/m, respectively, at the Markha river (Table 1, Fig. 5). Factor Q is below 1. Results of the petrophysical observations are consistent with the geological materials and suggest that the basalts at the Ygyatta river occupy the upper stratigraphic horizon. The studied outcrops of basalts of the Appainskaya suite have the following characteristic components of Inch: 1. Component A - negative vectors of the characteristic NRM are clustered in the fourth sector of the stereogram (sample Igy179m1, Fig. 10, Fig. 14 A, Table 2). Found in outcrop 16/10. Component A is metachronic Inm that formed due to heating of basalts by dolerites of the Ygyatta sill, which suggests the dyke-type of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) (Fig. 6 C) and a high oxidation level of titanomagnetites (sample 179, Fig. 8). 2. Component B - steep positive vectors of the characteristic Inch (samples Igy224m2, Mrh142m2 and Mrh176t2, Fig. 10, Fig. 14 A, Table. 2). Found in outcrops 20/10 and 16÷18/14. Component B is typical of the outcrops with significant deviations of the axes of the AMS ellipse (Fig. 6 D, E), which suggests epigenetic changes in the basalts. New occurrences of titanomaghemites are observed in the studied outcrops (sample 228, Fig. 8), which leads to an almost complete destruction of vector In0 and formation of viscous NRM - Inv, which are oriented in the direction similar to the geomagnetic field. This conclusion is supported by the 'artificial magnetization reversal' tests (Fig. 11 A). 3. Component C - negative vectors of the characteristic NRM are clustered in the first sector of the stereogram at angles varying from -50 to -40° (Fig. 12, Fig. 14, Table 2). Found in four outcrops at the Ygyatta river (outcrops 17/10, and 21÷23/10). 4. Component D - positive vectors of the characteristic NRM are clustered in the third sector of the stereogram at angles varying from 40 to 50° (Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Table 2). Found in four outcrops at the Markha river (outcrops 20A, 20B, and 20C/14). The primary origin of characteristic components C and D of the basalts is determined as follows: - The 'sedimentary' type of AMS (Fig. 6 E, and Fig. 6 F); - According to the differential thermomagnetic analysis (DTMA), the mineral carrier of magnetization is virtually unaltered titanomagnetite with the Curie point of ≈550°C (samples 254 and 204, Fig. 8); - The presence of samples with negative NRM vectors (Table 1); - The magnetically stable state of the components is confirmed by high values of hysteresis parameters (Fig. 7) and the 'artificial magnetization reversal' experiment (Fig. 11 B). - The positive inversion test (Table 3, Fig. 14 B, and Fig. 14 C): γ/γc=5.1/6.2 at the sample level, and γ/γc=8.7/16.2 at the site level. Discussion. Data on 12 sites and previously published values were used to calculate the reference paleomagnetic pole (PMP) (Fran) (Table 5, Fig. 15, A). The PMP coordinates are as follows: latitude φ=1.7°, longitude λ=92.8°, and confidence intervals dp/dm=3.7/5.9°. The PMP's paleomagnetic reliability index is high enough, and the PMP can be thus considered as a reference for the Frasnian period (370±5 Ma). On this basis, taking into account the previous paleomagnetic data, paleomagnetic reconstructions of the Siberian platform, ranging from 420 up to 325 Ma, are obtained in our study (Fig. 15, B). In the above-mentioned period of time, the Siberian platform gradually moved in one direction, mostly latitudinal, from 11° to 25° N. After the Appainskaya time, the latitudinal movement was replaced by motions in the predominantly meridional eastward direction, and the average displacement velocity in these segments increased from 4.4 to 6.7 cm/year. It is possible that after the formation of the Appainskaya suite (Fran), the Siberian platform could pass the three hot spots representing the modern Atlantic islands near the northwestern coast of Africa (Canary, Madeira and Azores, i.e. The northern flank of the African superplume). These hotspots might have formed the tracks (Fig. 15) that controlled the intrusion of alkaline ultrabasic melts and formation of kimberlites in the Late Devon - Early Carbon. Conclusion. In the lower stream composed of the palagonite plagiophyre basalts of the Appainskaya suite, the paleomagnetic studies reveal two primary components of the NRM vectors, from bottom to top, D and C, respectively, with the direct and reverse polarity. Their presence in the basalts is marked by the 'sedimentary' type of AMS, practically un-oxidized titanomagnetites, and the positive inversion test. The reference PMP for the basalts of the Appainskaya suite, which is determined in our studies, provides for a more precise definition of the paleogeographic position and reconstruction of the drift of the Siberian platform in the Middle Paleozoic (from 420 to 325 Ma) and makes it possible to associate this drift with probable energy sources (i.e. hot spots), which might have been related to the intrusion of kimberlites

NEREL: A Russian Dataset with Nested Named Entities, Relations and Events

In this paper, we present NEREL, a Russian dataset for named entity recognition and relation extraction. NEREL is significantly larger than existing Russian datasets: to date it contains 56K annotated named entities and 39K annotated relations. Its important difference from previous datasets is annotation of nested named entities, as well as relations within nested entities and at the discourse level. NEREL can facilitate development of novel models that can extract relations between nested named entities, as well as relations on both sentence and document levels. NEREL also contains the annotation of events involving named entities and their roles in the events. The NEREL collection is available via https://github.com/nerel-ds/NEREL. © 2021 Incoma Ltd. All rights reserved.The project is supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant # 20-11-20166. The experiments were partially carried out on computational resources of HPC facilities at HSE University. We are grateful to Alexey Yandutov and Igor Rozhkov for providing results of their experiments in named entity recognition and relation extraction