The Spanish Catholic Church and the Secular Institutions

The inquisitorial institution of the Iberian Peninsula (XV-XIX) was the instrument of the society’s religious control in the hands of the absolute monarchy, while its mixed nature was recognized in its dual character based on the status of an ecclesiastical court concerning to the origin of its legitimacy and functions. At the same time was presenting a royal court due to the administrative framework. This article will analyze the relationship between the Spanish Catholic Church of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly referring to the regions of today’s Spain, towards the secular institutions of the society with an emphasis on the processes conducted by the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition that was authorized by the Pope's in supperssing heresy. In the narrower plan, the elements of the procession of the auto da fé will be analyzed where its dual origin, intertwined with liturgical and profane elements will become more prominent in the typology of sanctions and penalties that transcend the legal frameworks of the canon law and transposed under the jurisdiction of the secular authorities. This study will try to present an analysis of these dual courts, whose systems of operation lead to the confrontation of different strategies, but also to their cooperation

New Religiosity, Postmodern Age and Post-Materialistic Values

This paper examines one of the most significant structural changes brought about by post-modern age compared with classical modernism. This structural change can be identified in the eruption of so-called post materialistic values that are evident in the very core ideology of post-modernity; the need for belonging and identity. What results is the creation of new post-modern identities as combinations of traditional forms of identities and emerging forms which were being discovered at the time. The eruption of post materialistic values is witnessed also by the accord between civil (democratic) society and conventional religions after World War II, which gives a new post-modern identity to the epoch. Apart from social movements, research results of so-called positive, or natural sciences, contributed greatly to the promotion of post materialistic values. This new, concrete reality of science in practice is manifested in two new modern paradigms- general relativity and quantum mechanics. This paper will finally reach the conclusion that the era of new post-modern «enchantment» is reflected in the phenomenon of post materialistic values and is opposite to Weber’s modernistic «un enchantment» (Entzauberung) of reality

Preserving Jewish Heritage: Conversas After the Establishment of the Barcelona Tribunal (1487- 1505)

The study explores the world of Jewish women conversas and their devotion in the perpetuation of Jewish legacy after the reestablishment of the Barcelona Tribunal in 1487 until 1505. This investigation, based on the manuscript Liber descriptionis reconsiliationisque, purgationis et condemmnationis hereticorum ALIAS de Gestis Hereticorum written by the inquisitorial notary of the Barcelona Tribunal, Pere Miquel Carbonell, will furnish new insights into the lives and spiritual endeavour of these heroic women who faced the wrath of the Inquisition. Through a close and fine-grained analysis of the trial records and legal proceedings of the Barcelona Tribunal, this study will provide a better comprehension of a complex period and a fuller reconstruction of the conversas’ religious practices as a system with its own structure

Brisanje identiteta: represija nad katalonskim jezikom u savremeno doba

Predmet izlaganja predstavlja problem represije nad kulturnim identitetom Katalonaca, sa posebnim osvrtom na njegov najznačajniju komponentu – jezik. Cilj rada je da se sociolingvističkom i lingvokulturološkom metodom jasnije determinišu razmere, uzroci i posledice stradanja katalonskog jezika u savremeno doba. Osim naučnih saznanja i iskustva brojnih autora sadržanih u bogatoj lingvističkoj, etnografskoj, pravnoj i istoriografskoj literaturi, bazu rada će predstavljati građa prikupljena iz kraljevskih dekreta, španskog ustava, statuta Katalonije, zakona i i manifesta. U zaključku će biti učinjen pokušaj da se na prethodno navedenim primerima dokaže u kolikoj meri i da li se promenio odnos prema katalonskom kulturnom identitetu, nakon tranzicije ka demokratiji 1978. godine, u cilju determinisanja nivoa represije savremenog doba

Episcopal Legacy in Inquisitorial Processes in the Work of Pere Miquel Carbonell i Soler: 1488–1505 Barcelona

The study explores episcopal heritage and the role of Barcelona Cathedral in the inquisitorial processes from 1488 until 1505, based on the manuscript Liber descriptionis reconsiliationisque, purgationis et condemmnationis hereticorum ALIAS de Gestis Hereticorum, written by the notary of the Barcelona Tribunal, Pere Miquel Carbonell i Soler. Hence, the aim of this paper is twofold. Its first objective is to elucidate the significance of the Barcelona Cathedral as a place where the solemnities of public auto da fé were performed, at which those earlier convicted by the Inquisition had their sentence determined; and second, it will consider examples of the episcopal Inquisition’s legacy and proof of its existence via examining the role of the bishop in the inquisitional processes for the period in question

The 14th-century inquisitional administrative documents in Pere Miquel Carbonell's manuscript

The Spanish Inquisition encompasses the long period of history of the Iberian Peninsula; established after the unification of the Kingdoms of Aragon and Castile by the marriage union of the “Catholic monarchs”, Ferdinand and Isabella, in 1469. Even thought considered as a ecclesial organization, who would address the issue of the “Jewish threat”, actually it was a tool of the monarchy to consolidate its power and it has been remembered in history by its ostensibly cruel methods. In this historical frame had lived and worked Pere Miquel Carbonell (1434-1517) a Catalan historian, poet, humanist, notary and royal archivist in The General Archive of The Crown of Aragon from 1476 until his death. He wrote books inspired by the Spanish Inquisition, such as Super facto expulsionis hereticorum and Liber descriptionis reconsiliationisque, purgationis et condemnationis hereticorum which will be the starting point of this investigation. This manuscript which is kept in The General Archive of The Crown of Aragon contains records about the Spanish Inquisition from 1487 until 1507 and describes reconciliations, justifications and condemnations of heretics. In this manuscript exists two documents holding the same title Pensio assignata Inquisitori hereticae pravitatis from 1357 and 1358 and therefore outside of the described historical period. Th ese records originated in Zaragoza and Barcelona was written by King Peter IV of Aragon and afterwards copied by Carbonell will be the start point of this paper and will take into consideration its administrative regulations and information such as bureaucratic structure of the Sanctum Officium’s members and their obligations

Silencing the Voices: Finding Conversas in the Inquisitorial Records

The past decades have generated much discussion by archivists and historians surrounding the claim that archives and written documents on women’s lives cannot be examined separately since archives play crucial roles within the conceptual framework of women’s history. By researching women’s experiences preserved in archives, it has been demonstrated that their voices were frequently obscured within archival data. In order to reconstruct the lives of women in history, this paper will attempt to address quantitative, qualitative and methodological challenges that arise when power silences the voices of Judeo-Conversas (Christian women of Jewish origin) from the early modern crowns of Castile and Aragon. By unearthing Conversas’ religious experiences from written sources, mainly inquisitorial dossiers, and by applying theoretical framework defined by Michel-Rolph Trouillot, the author suggests that Conversas’ voices were silenced at four stages: first, when the sources were written; second, when these documents were assembled; third, when narratives were created; and finally, when history was written by historians

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH PROBLEMS OF STUDENTS IN SOUTHERN SERBIA DURING THE STATE OF EMERGENCY

The COVID-19 pandemic affected practically every country in the world and changed how people lead their daily lives. The purpose of research was to ascertain the relationship between physical activity levels and the incidence of health issues among pupils. This research was conducted using an anonymous online survey that contained selected questions from the World Health Organization's health behaviour in schoolchildren (HBSC questionnaire). The sample of participants consisted of 500 elementary and high school students from the territory of southern Serbia. It was observed that less than 1% of students reported having poor health, while 6% of participants said that they were dissatisfied with their health overall, compared to 94% of students who reported being satisfied with their health. Additionally, a total of 88% of students evaluated their lives with the highest marks, out of which 28% considered their lives to be the greatest they could possibly be. 90% of participants from this sample of students in southern Serbia reported engaging in physical activity three or more times per week, whereas only 3% of students reported engaging in physical activity only once a week or not at all. The key finding of this study proved that students who engaged in greater physical activity had fewer health issues than students who engaged in the least amount of physical activity. There are numerous benefits to being physically active, including how it influences the maintenance of human health and helps children grow and develop properly. Therefore, the importance of this work is reflected in the possibility of gaining knowledge about physical activity during the state of emergency and the connection between physical activity and health problems that emerged among students in southern Serbia during the COVID-19 pandemic

Optimization of high pressure homogenization in the production of liposomal dispersions

Liposomes are spherical, biodegradable, and biocompatible vesicular systems. These vesicles are built from phospholipid double layers (membranes) surrounding the inner water phase. Liposomes are highly desirable as drug carriers because they can incorporate hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphipathic drug substances (drugs). The physicochemical properties of liposomes such as size, charge, surface properties and encapsulation efficiency can highly influence their in vivo stability and kinetics. The aim of our study was to prepare liposomal dispersions and to determine the influence of cycles of high pres-sure homogenization on some parameters, such as vesicle size and polydispersity index (PDI). Higher homogeni-zation pressures and repeated recirculation led to further reduction in vesicle diameter and heterogeneity. For preparing liposomal dispersions Phosal IP 40 and Phosal 75 SA were used (Lipoid, Germany). Liposomal dispersions were prepared according to the thin film hydration method. By sampling after each cycle, an estimate was made of how many cycles are needed for the dispersion to have satisfactory parameters (size and PDI). The size and PDI analysis of the liposomes were carried out by using Zetasizer (Nano series) ZS 90, Malvern Instruments. High-pressure homogenization was carried out in 10 cycles and based on the obtained liposome size values and PDI, was determined how many cycles are needed in the process of homogenization. With each cycle, the size of the liposomes decreased and PDI value was reduced. It has been observed that after 5 cycles of homogenization there is no significant decrease in the size of the liposomes and PDI. Therefore, in the further production of liposomes with active substances with these raw materials, is recommended to use only 5 cycles of homogenization

In the Middle of Renaissance Light and Inquisitorial Darkness: Pere Miquel Carbonell’s Case

This study explores literary work of humanist and royal bureaucrat, Pere Miquel Carbonell, during the early Renaissance in Barcelona. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the individuality of Pere Miquel Carbonell, who was an ambivalent figure; a well-educated renaissance man, yet also an inquisitorial notary of the Barcelona Tribunal. The objectives of this paper are hence to address the seemingly contradictory duality in Carbonell’s literary opus as he shifted from humanistic writings to documenting bureaucratic inquisitorial proceedings, which were highly uncommon for this type of legal documents as they were filled with lines from Latin literature. Based on this analysis of the work of Carbonell, who was a prominent figure of his time, this paper will subsequently extrapolate the influence of humanism as a prevailing moment in Europe and depict the dark side of the heresy inquisition, whose causes and goals are still a matter of discussion among historians