L’interrogation dans un corpus de français parlé en Acadie. Formes de la question et visées de l’interrogation

En dépit de la multiplicité des formes possibles pour formuler des questions en français parlé, les études à ce sujet demeurent relativement rares. Pour celles qui existent, on note souvent une démarche issue de la sociolinguistique variationniste qui cherche à corréler les différents types de constructions au profil sociologique des locuteurs. Cependant, ces associations ne permettent pas de comprendre pourquoi un même locuteur alterne différentes formes dans une même situation de communication, et surtout elles présument une correspondance sémantique et pragmatique entre formulations, qui est loin d’être établie. Ainsi, il apparaît plus fructueux d’interroger la notion de variabilité selon la visée de la question. L’étude du rapport de la forme de l’interrogation aux visées pragmatiques a été initiée pour des corpus de français parlé en France, et il est suggéré pour tous les champs de la variation en syntaxe (Gadet, 1997). En revanche, il n’a jamais – à ma connaissance – été testé pour des variétés parlées hors de France. La présence étude cherche à faire apparaître des tendances entre formes de la question et contraintes linguistiques internes dans un corpus de français parlé en Acadie.Despite the great diversity in ways of formulating questions in spoken French, studies on the subject are relatively rare. Those available frequently take an approach stemming from variationnist sociolinguistics which seeks to link the various types of constructions with the speaker’s sociological profile. These links however, cannot explain why the same speaker alternate between various forms in a single communicative situation and above all they presuppose between formulations a semantic and pragmatic correspondance that has never been established. Consequently it appears more fruitful to examine the notion of variability in terms of tendencies according to the aim of the questions. Studies on the relation between the form of the questions and the pragmatic aims have been undertaken on corpuses of spoken French in France, and this approach has been proposed for all aspects of syntactical variation (Gadet, 1997b). However this has never to my knowledge been tested for spoken variations outside France. The present study attempts to explore internal linguistic constraints on forms of questions in a corpus of spoken French in Acadie

Le bilinguisme officiel au Nouveau- Brunswick : surface paisible, fond polémique

Claiming to represent a Canadian biligualism at a smaller scale, the province of New Brunswick was declared officially bilingual in 1969. The New Brunswick model remains unique within the Canadian confederation and is pointed to with pride as a reflection of harmonious relations between the two Canadian official language communities, and as an opportunity of economic development. Despite this status of exemplar of Canadian bilingualism, the daily management of official bilingualism and particularly the question of its cost are periodically challenged in the province. In the Fall of 2012, when a public figure denounced the cost of bilingualism, Francophone leaders reacted. This mediatic event led some to plead for a return to English monolingualism. Around one hundred comments posted on the discussion forums of CBC News illustrated this language ideological debate and form the basis for our argumentative discourse analysis. This corpus allows us to illustrate the persistent inter-communtiy tensions often overshadowed in official discourses

Supernatant from Bifidobacterium Differentially Modulates Transduction Signaling Pathways for Biological Functions of Human Dendritic Cells

International audienceBACKGROUND:Probiotic bacteria have been shown to modulate immune responses and could have therapeutic effects in allergic and inflammatory disorders. However, the signaling pathways engaged by probiotics are poorly understood. We have previously reported that a fermentation product from Bifidobacterium breve C50 (BbC50sn) could induce maturation, high IL-10 production and prolonged survival of DCs via a TLR2 pathway. We therefore studied the roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways on biological functions of human monocyte-derived DCs treated with BbC50sn.METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:DCs were differentiated from human monocytes with IL-4 and GM-CSF for 5 days and cultured with BbC50sn, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Zymosan, with or without specific inhibitors of p38MAPK (SB203580), ERK (PD98059), PI3K (LY294002) and GSK3 (SB216763). We found that 1) the PI3K pathway was positively involved in the prolonged DC survival induced by BbC50sn, LPS and Zymosan in contrast to p38MAPK and GSK3 which negatively regulated DC survival; 2) p38MAPK and PI3K were positively involved in DC maturation, in contrast to ERK and GSK3 which negatively regulated DC maturation; 3) ERK and PI3K were positively involved in DC-IL-10 production, in contrast to GSK3 that was positively involved in DC-IL-12 production whereas p38MAPK was positively involved in both; 4) BbC50sn induced a PI3K/Akt phosphorylation similar to Zymosan and a p38MAPK phosphorylation similar to LPS.CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE:We report for the first time that a fermentation product of a bifidobacteria can differentially activate MAPK, GSK3 and PI3K in order to modulate DC biological functions. These results give new insights on the fine-tuned balance between the maintenance of normal mucosal homeostasis to commensal and probiotic bacteria and the specific inflammatory immune responses to pathogen bacteria

La littératie, une notion chargée idéologiquement : le traitement de l’alphabétisation dans la presse acadienne

Une familiarité avec les discours sur la langue dans la presse acadienne m’a conduit à porter une attention particulière à un discours récurrent sur la question du niveau de littératie des francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick et des besoins en alphabétisation des membres de cette communauté. Par une analyse critique de discours, et en pensant avant tout la littératie comme une pratique sociale, je mets en lumière la charge idéologique de cette notion et de tout discours portant sur les questions d’alphabétisation. En lien avec la tendance grandissante dans nos sociétés à évaluer les pratiques linguistiques comme des compétences mesurables, ainsi que dans un contexte plus large de dénigrement permanent des pratiques du groupe étudié, je mets de l’avant la manière dont la notion de littératie et la question de l’alphabétisation sont investies discursivement, soit par un discours de l’emphase soit par un traitement intimiste, tous deux largement orientés idéologiquement. In fine, je cherche à déceler quelle(s) grande(s) idéologie(s) servent les discours étudiés.Familiarity with language discourses in the Acadian Press led me to pay special attention to a recurrent discussion on the issue of the literacy level of Francophones in New Brunswick and the literacy needs of members of this community. Using critical discourse analysis, and analyzing literacy primarily as a social practice, I highlight the ideological nature of this position, and indeed of all discourses on literacy. After highlighting the growing tendencies of our societies toward the evaluation of linguistic practices as measurable skills, and the denigration of the practices of the group studied, I underline the extent to which the very notion of literacy is invested discursively and oriented ideologically. In short, I attempt to discover which ideology or ideologies the discourse studied serves