Avoid – Mitigate – Compensate: Halting the Loss of Biodiversity in Landscapes “Under Pressure” - Landscape Planning and Eco Account examples from the Stuttgart Region, Germany

Within the European Union, Germany has the largest population (ca. 80 million) and the fourth highest population density (about 230 inhabitants per km²). In addition, the population’s need for living space is among the highest within Europe: in 2012, the rate of living space per resident was around 40 m² per person and far above Europe’s average for many other indicators, like percentage of urbanized land, population density, and motorization (table 1). With its long history of urbanisation and industrialization after World War II and its geographical position in the centre of Europe, Germany faces strong challenges to balance the demands of people’s welfare and the country’s natural resources like biodiversity and water quality. The current situation with a high number of people immigrating temporarily or permanently from abroad strengthens the need for finding smart solutions for long-term spatial planning and for a sustainable land use in general. Due to a low birth rate and negative migration rate, Germany’s population decreased from 82.5 million in 2002 to 80.5 million in 2012), but a strong increase of immigration within the recent years (300,000 to 600,000 per year) resulted in a number of 81.2 million residents in 2014 (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2013). In addition, the number of automobiles per 1.000 residents is situated in the top third within the EU (Statista, 2016). Through the last decades, an ongoing process of fragmentation of the land by roads and of degradation of the land by spatial development has taken place (Jaeger et al. 2012)

Raver2, a new member of the hnRNP family

AbstractRaver2 was identified as a novel member of the hnRNP family based on sequence homology within three RNA recognition motifs and its general domain organization reminiscent of the previously described raver1 protein. Like raver1, raver2 contains two putative nuclear localization signals and a potential nuclear export sequence, and also displays nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling in a heterokaryon assay. In glia cells and neurons, raver2 localizes to the nucleus. Moreover, the protein interacts with polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) suggesting that it may participate in PTB-mediated nuclear functions. In contrast to ubiquitously expressed raver1, raver2 exerts a distinct spatio-temporal expression pattern during embryogenesis and is essentially restricted to brain, lung, and kidney in the adult mouse

Modular und 3D-gedruckt

Der Hauptkostenträger bei der Herstellung von Kunststoffbauteilen im Spritzgussverfahren ist die Herstellung der Spritzgussform. Besonders bei komplexen Geometrien fallen hohe Kosten und Herstellzeiten für gefräste und erodierte Formen an. Aus diesem Grund können Investitionen in Spritzgussformen fast ausschliesslich mit hohen Stückzahlen begründet werden

EOMES and IL-10 regulate antitumor activity of T regulatory type 1 CD4 + T cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

The transcription factor eomesodermin (EOMES) promotes interleukin (IL)-10 expression in CD4(+) T cells, which has been linked to immunosuppressive and cytotoxic activities. We detected cytotoxic, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and EOMES co-expressing CD4(+) T cells in lymph nodes (LNs) of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Transcriptome and flow cytometry analyses revealed that EOMES does not only drive IL-10 expression, but rather controls a unique transcriptional signature in CD4(+) T cells, that is enriched in genes typical for T regulatory type 1 (T(R)1) cells. The T(R)1 cell identity of these CD4(+) T cells was supported by their expression of interferon gamma and IL-10, as well as inhibitory receptors including PD-1. T(R)1 cells with cytotoxic capacity accumulate also in Eµ-TCL1 mice that develop CLL-like disease. Whereas wild-type CD4(+) T cells control TCL1 leukemia development after adoptive transfer in leukopenic Rag2(−/)(−) mice, EOMES-deficient CD4(+) T cells failed to do so. We further show that T(R)1 cell-mediated control of TCL1 leukemia requires IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) signaling, as Il10rb-deficient CD4(+) T cells showed impaired antileukemia activity. Altogether, our data demonstrate that EOMES is indispensable for the development of IL-10-expressing, cytotoxic T(R)1 cells, which accumulate in LNs of CLL patients and control TCL1 leukemia in mice in an IL-10R-dependent manner

New outcomes of Lewis base addition to diboranes(4): electronic effects override strong steric disincentives

Two surprising new outcomes of the reaction of Lewis bases with dihalodiboranes(4) are presented, including sp2–sp3 diboranes in which the Lewis base unit is bound to a highly sterically congested boron atom, and a rearranged double base adduct. The results provide a fuller understanding of the reactivity of diboranes, a poorly-understood class of molecule of critical importance to synthetic organic chemistry