Estudos morfoanatômico, fitoquímico e de atividades biológicas de folha e caule de Eugenia Pyriformis Cambess., Myrtaceae.

Co-Orientador : Prof. Dr. Obdulio Gomes MiguelOrientadora : Profa. Drª Marcia do Rocio DuarteDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Defesa: Curitiba,25/03/2011Bibliografia: fls. 108-120Área de concentração: Insumos, medicamentos e correlatosResumo: A especie Eugenia pyriformis Cambess., conhecida popularmente como uvaia, e uma Myrtaceae nativa do Brasil. Suas folhas sao utilizadas na medicina popular para o tratamento de gota, pois possui a propriedade de baixar os niveis de acido urico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar estudos morfoanatomico, fitoquimico e de atividades biologicas de folha e caule da especie, acrescentando dados ao conhecimento dessa planta medicinal e potencial droga vegetal. O material vegetal foi coletado, identificado e devidamente preparado para as diferentes analises. Quanto a morfoanatomia, observou-se que a folha e simples, oposta e elipticolanceolada. Possui epiderme uniestratificada, estomatos anomociticos restritos a face abaxial, tricomas tectores unicelulares, mesofilo dorsiventral e nervura central com seccao plano-convexa, com um feixe vascular bicolateral. No caule, o felogenio tem instalacao superficial e ha floema interno, fibras e celulas petreas. Compostos fenolicos, prismas e drusas de oxalato de calcio ocorrem nos orgaos vegetativos analisados. Na prospeccao fitoquimica, verificaram-se glicosideos flavonicos e esteroides e/ou triterpenoides no extrato hidroalcoolico de folha, enquanto que saponinas, taninos e acidos fixos foram detectados no extrato aquoso, tanto de folha como de caule. No oleo essencial, foram encontrados os monoterpenos oxigenados 1,8-cineol, linalol e terpinen-4-ol. Tres substancias foram identificadas e relatadas pela primeira vez na especie, o triterpeno ƒÀ-amirina e os derivados porfirinicos feofitina a e feofitina b. Com relacao a atividade antioxidante no ensaio com DPPH, constatou-se que a fracao de acetato de etila de folha possui atividade antioxidante maior em relacao as demais. Para o complexo fosfomolibdenio, o extrato etanolico bruto de folha e caule, e a fracao de acetato de etila de folha tem atividade antioxidante um pouco superior a da rutina. Com referencia a acao antimicrobiana, demonstrou-se que o extrato etanolico bruto de folha apresenta atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli, e as fracoes de acetato de etila e hidroalcoolica de folha apresentam efeito inibitorio frente a S. aureus e Enterococcus faecalis. Esses tres microrganismos sofreram inibicao de crescimento pelo extrato etanolico bruto de caule. O extrato acetonico bruto de folha e caule revelou atividade contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa e E. faecalis. No teste de toxicidade frente a Artemia salina, verificou-se que as fracoes cloroformica e de acetato de etila de folha e as fracoes hexanica, de acetato de etila e hidroalcoolica de caule apresentam citotoxicidade com DL50 inferiores a 1000 ƒÊg/mL. No teste alelopatico, as amostras nao mostraram influencia sobre a germinacao das sementes de Lactuca sativa, exceto a fracao hexanica de caule que inibiu o crescimento da radicula em proporcao maior. Os resultados obtidos contribuiram para acrescentar dados ao conhecimento botanico, fitoquimico e de atividades biologicas dessa especie medicinal.Abstract: Eugenia pyriformis Cambess., known as uvaia in Portuguese, is a Myrtaceae species native to Brazil. Its leaves are used in folk medicine for the treatment of gout, due to the property of lowering the uric acid levels. This work has aimed to study the morpho-anatomy, phytochemistry and biological activities of the leaf and stem of E. pyriformis, adding datato knownlege to this medicinal plant and potential vegetal drug. The plant material was collected, identified and properly prepared for the different analyses. With respect to the morpho-anatomy, it was observed that the leaf is simple, opposite and elliptic-lanceolate. It has uniseriate epidermis, anomocytic stomata exclusively on the abaxial surface, unicellular non-glandular trichomes, dorsiventral mesophyll and plano-convex midrib with a bicollateral vascular bundle. In the stem, the phellogen is installed superficially and it is found internal phloem, fibres and stone cells. Phenolic compounds, prisms and druses of calcium oxalate are present in the vegetative parts examined. In the phytochemical screening, it was found flavonoid glycosides and steroids and/or triterpenoids in the leaf hydroalcoholic extract, while saponins, tannins and fixed acids were detected in the leaf and stem aqueous extracts. In the essential oil, it was encountered the oxygenated monoterpenes 1,8-cineole, linalool and terpinen-4-ol. Three substances were identified and reported for the first time for the species, the triterpene £]-amyrin and the porphyrin derivatives pheophytin a and pheophytin b. Related to the antioxidant activity with DPPH essay, the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf has presented higher antioxidant activity than the other samples. Regarding the phosphomolybdenum complex, the crude ethanol extract of the leaf and stem, and the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf have shown a little higher effect than rutin. Considering the antimicrobial activity, the crude ethanol extract of the leaf inhibits Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic fractions of the leaf exhibit effect against S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. These three microorganisms have undertaken growth inhibition by the crude ethanol extract of the stem. The crude acetone extract of the leaf and stem has shown activity against Pseudomonas ay, it was observed that the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaf and the hexane, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic fractions of the stem have cytotoxicity with LD50 less than 1000ƒÝg/mL. Considering the allelopathic test, the samples have not influenced the growth of the Lactuca sativa seeds, except for the hexane fraction of the stem which inhibits the root growth in higher proportion. The results of this work have contributed to expand the knowledge on the botanical, phytochemical and biological activities of this medicinal species

Discovery and Synthesis of Caracolamide A, an Ion Channel Modulating Dichlorovinylidene Containing Phenethylamide from a Panamanian Marine Cyanobacterium cf. Symploca Species

A recent untargeted metabolomics investigation into the chemical profile of 10 organic extracts from cf. Symploca spp. revealed several interesting chemical leads for further natural product drug discovery. Subsequent targetdirected isolation efforts with one of these, a Panamanian marine cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp., yielded a phenethylamide metabolite that terminates in a relatively rare gemdichlorovinylidene moiety, caracolamide A (1), along with a known isotactic polymethoxy-1-alkene (2). Detailed NMR and HRESIMS analyses were used to determine the structures of these molecules, and compound 1 was confirmed by a threestep synthesis. Pure compound 1 was shown to have in vitro calcium influx and calcium channel oscillation modulatory activity when tested as low as 10 pM using cultured murine cortical neurons, but was not cytotoxic to NCI-H460 human non-small-cell lung cancer cells in vitro (IC50 > 10 μM).A recent untargeted metabolomics investigation into the chemical profile of 10 organic extracts from cf. Symploca spp. revealed several interesting chemical leads for further natural product drug discovery. Subsequent targetdirected isolation efforts with one of these, a Panamanian marine cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp., yielded a phenethylamide metabolite that terminates in a relatively rare gemdichlorovinylidene moiety, caracolamide A (1), along with a known isotactic polymethoxy-1-alkene (2). Detailed NMR and HRESIMS analyses were used to determine the structures of these molecules, and compound 1 was confirmed by a threestep synthesis. Pure compound 1 was shown to have in vitro calcium influx and calcium channel oscillation modulatory activity when tested as low as 10 pM using cultured murine cortical neurons, but was not cytotoxic to NCI-H460 human non-small-cell lung cancer cells in vitro (IC50 > 10 μM)

Genus Viburnum: Therapeutic Potentialities and Agro-Food- Pharma Applications

The genus Viburnum (Adoxaceae, Dipsacales) is of scientific interest due to the chemical components and diverse biological activities found across species of the genus, which includes more than 230 species of evergreen, semievergreen, or deciduous shrubs and small trees. Although frequently used as an ornament, the Viburnum species show biological properties with health-promoting effects. Fruits, flowers, and barks of certain species are used for pharmaceutical purposes or as cooking ingredients, hence containing biochemical compounds with health-promoting activity such are carotenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids. However, its taxonomical determination is difficult, due to its wide distribution and frequent hybridizations; therefore, an objective classification would allow us to understand its biological activity based on its phytochemical components. More than sixty phytochemical compounds have been reported, where vibsanin-type diterpenes and their derivatives are the most prevalent. Leaves and twigs of V. dilatatum contain the largest number of phytochemicals among the genus. Through preclinical evidence, this study provides insight regarding antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and anticancer activities of genus Viburnum

Chemical and biological investigation of marine microorganisms, and the use of molecular networking as tool for searching bioactive compounds in marine cyanobacteria of the genus Symploca

O ambiente marinho apresenta uma rica biodiversidade e, por ser ainda pouco explorado configura-se como uma fonte potencial de novos organismos da flora e fauna marinhas, o que possibilita a descoberta de estruturas distintas e biologicamente ativas. Microrganismos marinhos como cianobactérias e fungos possuem um metabolismo secundário rico, o qual produz substâncias bioativas. Em virtude do exposto, um dos objetivos deste trabalho foi avaliar química e biologicamente as linhagens de cianobactérias marinhas Cyanobium sp. CENA178, Cyanobium sp. CENA181 e Oxynema sp. CENA135 provenientes de manguezais da Ilha do Cardoso, do Estado de São Paulo. Foram identificados os aminoácidos alanina, treonina e valina presentes na fração ACN:H2O (40:60) da linhagem Oxynema sp. CENA135. Por meio das análises realizadas em CG-EM, a fração n-hexano/acetato de etila (9:1) da linhagem Cyanobium sp. CENA178 apresentou os componentes: 2,4-bis (1,1-dimetiletil) fenol, (Z)-7-hexadeceno 6,10,14-trimetil-2-pentadecanona e eicosano; a fração n-hexano da linhagem Cyanobium sp. CENA181 apresentou como componente majoritário o neoftadieno, o qual também foi encontrado na fração acetato de etila da linhagem Oxynema sp. CENA135, juntamente com os componentes majoritários: heptadecano, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]- 3,7,11,15-tetrametil-2-hexadeceno e octadecino. Com relação à triagem biológica, as linhagens Cyanobium sp. CENA178 e Cyanobium sp. CENA181, apresentaram atividade anticolinesterásica moderada e fraca, respectivamente. Concomitantemente foi realizada uma co-cultura entre a linhagem de cianobactéria Cyanobium sp. CENA181 e o fungo endofítico marinho Penicillium decaturense, onde foi isolada do extrato bruto do fungo P. decaturense a substância 10,11-deidrocurvularina e como produto da co-cultura foi obtida a substância curvularina. Deste modo, foi demonstrado que houve interação química entre os microrganismos devido a produção de diferentes metabólitos secundários. Adicionalmente, foram investigadas nove linhagens de cianobactérias do gênero Symploca quanto à análise química e biológica, provenientes do Panamá, Samoa Americana e uma da coleção de cultura de Pasteur (PCC8002). Por meio da análise de redes moleculares (molecular networking) foram identificadas três substâncias conhecidas: apratoxina A; palmiramida A e curacina D. Das frações A2143 E e F foi isolada uma substância inédita denominada de caracolamida A. Da fração G foi isolada uma substância conhecida pertencente à classe dos polimetoxi-alquenos isotáticos denominada de 4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22-decametóxi-heptacos-1-eno. A substância inédita caracolamida A foi comparada com o padrão feniletilamina e ambas demonstraram ter atividade neuromoduladora em concentrações subnanomolares, possuindo efeitos similares na oscilação e frequência dos canais de Ca2+. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho acrescentam dados químicos e biológicos às espécies estudadas e enriquecem a área de Produtos Naturais Marinhos.The marine environment contains a rich biodiversity and, since it is relatively underexplored, is a great source for finding new organisms including marine flora and fauna. This enables the discovery of chemicals with distinct and structures and biological activity. Marine microorganisms, such as cyanobacteria and fungi, have rich secondary metabolism, which yield biologically active molecules. Accordingly, one aim of this work was to evaluate the chemical profiles and biological activities of the compounds isolated from marine cyanobacteria strains Cyanobium sp. CENA178, Cyanobium sp. CENA181 and Oxynema sp. CENA135 from Ilha do Cardoso mangrove, State of São Paulo. The results indicate that it would help to adopt different laboratory cultivation methods for growing cyanobacteria strains to mimic the natural habitat and increase the opportunity to obtain new secondary metabolites. Aminoacids alanine, threonine and valine were identified of the fraction ACN:H2O (40:60) of the strain Oxynema sp. CENA135. Through the analyzes performed in CG-MS, the hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1) fraction of the strain Cyanobium sp. CENA178 showed the components: 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenol, (Z)-7-hexadecene, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone and eicosane. From the hexane fraction of Cyanobium sp. CENA181, neophytadiene was observed as the major component, and this was also found in the ethyl acetate fraction of Oxynema sp. CENA135 strain along with heptadecane, 2-hexadecene, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]] and 1-octadecyne. Cyanobium sp. CENA178 and Cyanobium sp. CENA181 showed moderate and weak anticholinesterase activity, respectively. Simultaneously, a co-culture was performed using Cyanobium sp. CENA181 and the marine endophytic fungus, Penicillium decaturense. The compound 10,11-dehydrocurvularin was isolated from the crude extract of P. decaturense, and curvularin from only the co-culture. Therefore, it was clear that the microorganisms exhibited an interaction leading to the different production of secondary metabolites. Nine species of cyanobacteria of the genus Symploca from Panama, American Samoa and one from Pasteur culture collection (PCC8002) were investigated to yield new natural products. Through molecular networking analysis three known compounds were identified: apratoxin A; palmiramide A and curacin D. Caracolamide A is a new compound isolated from fractions A2143 E and F. A known compound isolated from the same organism is called 4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22-decamethoxy-heptacos-1-ene, and it is an isotactic polymethoxy-1-alkene. The new compound caracolamide A demonstrated neuromodulatory activity at subnanomolar concentrations, and displayed similar effects as a phenylethylamine standard on the oscillation amplitude and frequency in Ca2+ channels. The results presented in this work provide chemical and biological information about the species studied, and enrich marine natural products researc

Estudos morfoanatômico, fitoquímico e de atividades biológicas de folha e caule de Eugenia Pyriformis Cambess., Myrtaceae.

Co-Orientador : Prof. Dr. Obdulio Gomes MiguelOrientadora : Profa. Drª Marcia do Rocio DuarteDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Defesa: Curitiba,25/03/2011Bibliografia: fls. 108-120Área de concentração: Insumos, medicamentos e correlatosResumo: A especie Eugenia pyriformis Cambess., conhecida popularmente como uvaia, e uma Myrtaceae nativa do Brasil. Suas folhas sao utilizadas na medicina popular para o tratamento de gota, pois possui a propriedade de baixar os niveis de acido urico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar estudos morfoanatomico, fitoquimico e de atividades biologicas de folha e caule da especie, acrescentando dados ao conhecimento dessa planta medicinal e potencial droga vegetal. O material vegetal foi coletado, identificado e devidamente preparado para as diferentes analises. Quanto a morfoanatomia, observou-se que a folha e simples, oposta e elipticolanceolada. Possui epiderme uniestratificada, estomatos anomociticos restritos a face abaxial, tricomas tectores unicelulares, mesofilo dorsiventral e nervura central com seccao plano-convexa, com um feixe vascular bicolateral. No caule, o felogenio tem instalacao superficial e ha floema interno, fibras e celulas petreas. Compostos fenolicos, prismas e drusas de oxalato de calcio ocorrem nos orgaos vegetativos analisados. Na prospeccao fitoquimica, verificaram-se glicosideos flavonicos e esteroides e/ou triterpenoides no extrato hidroalcoolico de folha, enquanto que saponinas, taninos e acidos fixos foram detectados no extrato aquoso, tanto de folha como de caule. No oleo essencial, foram encontrados os monoterpenos oxigenados 1,8-cineol, linalol e terpinen-4-ol. Tres substancias foram identificadas e relatadas pela primeira vez na especie, o triterpeno ƒÀ-amirina e os derivados porfirinicos feofitina a e feofitina b. Com relacao a atividade antioxidante no ensaio com DPPH, constatou-se que a fracao de acetato de etila de folha possui atividade antioxidante maior em relacao as demais. Para o complexo fosfomolibdenio, o extrato etanolico bruto de folha e caule, e a fracao de acetato de etila de folha tem atividade antioxidante um pouco superior a da rutina. Com referencia a acao antimicrobiana, demonstrou-se que o extrato etanolico bruto de folha apresenta atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli, e as fracoes de acetato de etila e hidroalcoolica de folha apresentam efeito inibitorio frente a S. aureus e Enterococcus faecalis. Esses tres microrganismos sofreram inibicao de crescimento pelo extrato etanolico bruto de caule. O extrato acetonico bruto de folha e caule revelou atividade contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa e E. faecalis. No teste de toxicidade frente a Artemia salina, verificou-se que as fracoes cloroformica e de acetato de etila de folha e as fracoes hexanica, de acetato de etila e hidroalcoolica de caule apresentam citotoxicidade com DL50 inferiores a 1000 ƒÊg/mL. No teste alelopatico, as amostras nao mostraram influencia sobre a germinacao das sementes de Lactuca sativa, exceto a fracao hexanica de caule que inibiu o crescimento da radicula em proporcao maior. Os resultados obtidos contribuiram para acrescentar dados ao conhecimento botanico, fitoquimico e de atividades biologicas dessa especie medicinal.Abstract: Eugenia pyriformis Cambess., known as uvaia in Portuguese, is a Myrtaceae species native to Brazil. Its leaves are used in folk medicine for the treatment of gout, due to the property of lowering the uric acid levels. This work has aimed to study the morpho-anatomy, phytochemistry and biological activities of the leaf and stem of E. pyriformis, adding datato knownlege to this medicinal plant and potential vegetal drug. The plant material was collected, identified and properly prepared for the different analyses. With respect to the morpho-anatomy, it was observed that the leaf is simple, opposite and elliptic-lanceolate. It has uniseriate epidermis, anomocytic stomata exclusively on the abaxial surface, unicellular non-glandular trichomes, dorsiventral mesophyll and plano-convex midrib with a bicollateral vascular bundle. In the stem, the phellogen is installed superficially and it is found internal phloem, fibres and stone cells. Phenolic compounds, prisms and druses of calcium oxalate are present in the vegetative parts examined. In the phytochemical screening, it was found flavonoid glycosides and steroids and/or triterpenoids in the leaf hydroalcoholic extract, while saponins, tannins and fixed acids were detected in the leaf and stem aqueous extracts. In the essential oil, it was encountered the oxygenated monoterpenes 1,8-cineole, linalool and terpinen-4-ol. Three substances were identified and reported for the first time for the species, the triterpene £]-amyrin and the porphyrin derivatives pheophytin a and pheophytin b. Related to the antioxidant activity with DPPH essay, the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf has presented higher antioxidant activity than the other samples. Regarding the phosphomolybdenum complex, the crude ethanol extract of the leaf and stem, and the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf have shown a little higher effect than rutin. Considering the antimicrobial activity, the crude ethanol extract of the leaf inhibits Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic fractions of the leaf exhibit effect against S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. These three microorganisms have undertaken growth inhibition by the crude ethanol extract of the stem. The crude acetone extract of the leaf and stem has shown activity against Pseudomonas ay, it was observed that the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaf and the hexane, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic fractions of the stem have cytotoxicity with LD50 less than 1000ƒÝg/mL. Considering the allelopathic test, the samples have not influenced the growth of the Lactuca sativa seeds, except for the hexane fraction of the stem which inhibits the root growth in higher proportion. The results of this work have contributed to expand the knowledge on the botanical, phytochemical and biological activities of this medicinal species

Chemical and biological investigation of marine microorganisms, and the use of molecular networking as tool for searching bioactive compounds in marine cyanobacteria of the genus Symploca

O ambiente marinho apresenta uma rica biodiversidade e, por ser ainda pouco explorado configura-se como uma fonte potencial de novos organismos da flora e fauna marinhas, o que possibilita a descoberta de estruturas distintas e biologicamente ativas. Microrganismos marinhos como cianobactérias e fungos possuem um metabolismo secundário rico, o qual produz substâncias bioativas. Em virtude do exposto, um dos objetivos deste trabalho foi avaliar química e biologicamente as linhagens de cianobactérias marinhas Cyanobium sp. CENA178, Cyanobium sp. CENA181 e Oxynema sp. CENA135 provenientes de manguezais da Ilha do Cardoso, do Estado de São Paulo. Foram identificados os aminoácidos alanina, treonina e valina presentes na fração ACN:H2O (40:60) da linhagem Oxynema sp. CENA135. Por meio das análises realizadas em CG-EM, a fração n-hexano/acetato de etila (9:1) da linhagem Cyanobium sp. CENA178 apresentou os componentes: 2,4-bis (1,1-dimetiletil) fenol, (Z)-7-hexadeceno 6,10,14-trimetil-2-pentadecanona e eicosano; a fração n-hexano da linhagem Cyanobium sp. CENA181 apresentou como componente majoritário o neoftadieno, o qual também foi encontrado na fração acetato de etila da linhagem Oxynema sp. CENA135, juntamente com os componentes majoritários: heptadecano, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]- 3,7,11,15-tetrametil-2-hexadeceno e octadecino. Com relação à triagem biológica, as linhagens Cyanobium sp. CENA178 e Cyanobium sp. CENA181, apresentaram atividade anticolinesterásica moderada e fraca, respectivamente. Concomitantemente foi realizada uma co-cultura entre a linhagem de cianobactéria Cyanobium sp. CENA181 e o fungo endofítico marinho Penicillium decaturense, onde foi isolada do extrato bruto do fungo P. decaturense a substância 10,11-deidrocurvularina e como produto da co-cultura foi obtida a substância curvularina. Deste modo, foi demonstrado que houve interação química entre os microrganismos devido a produção de diferentes metabólitos secundários. Adicionalmente, foram investigadas nove linhagens de cianobactérias do gênero Symploca quanto à análise química e biológica, provenientes do Panamá, Samoa Americana e uma da coleção de cultura de Pasteur (PCC8002). Por meio da análise de redes moleculares (molecular networking) foram identificadas três substâncias conhecidas: apratoxina A; palmiramida A e curacina D. Das frações A2143 E e F foi isolada uma substância inédita denominada de caracolamida A. Da fração G foi isolada uma substância conhecida pertencente à classe dos polimetoxi-alquenos isotáticos denominada de 4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22-decametóxi-heptacos-1-eno. A substância inédita caracolamida A foi comparada com o padrão feniletilamina e ambas demonstraram ter atividade neuromoduladora em concentrações subnanomolares, possuindo efeitos similares na oscilação e frequência dos canais de Ca2+. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho acrescentam dados químicos e biológicos às espécies estudadas e enriquecem a área de Produtos Naturais Marinhos.The marine environment contains a rich biodiversity and, since it is relatively underexplored, is a great source for finding new organisms including marine flora and fauna. This enables the discovery of chemicals with distinct and structures and biological activity. Marine microorganisms, such as cyanobacteria and fungi, have rich secondary metabolism, which yield biologically active molecules. Accordingly, one aim of this work was to evaluate the chemical profiles and biological activities of the compounds isolated from marine cyanobacteria strains Cyanobium sp. CENA178, Cyanobium sp. CENA181 and Oxynema sp. CENA135 from Ilha do Cardoso mangrove, State of São Paulo. The results indicate that it would help to adopt different laboratory cultivation methods for growing cyanobacteria strains to mimic the natural habitat and increase the opportunity to obtain new secondary metabolites. Aminoacids alanine, threonine and valine were identified of the fraction ACN:H2O (40:60) of the strain Oxynema sp. CENA135. Through the analyzes performed in CG-MS, the hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1) fraction of the strain Cyanobium sp. CENA178 showed the components: 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenol, (Z)-7-hexadecene, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone and eicosane. From the hexane fraction of Cyanobium sp. CENA181, neophytadiene was observed as the major component, and this was also found in the ethyl acetate fraction of Oxynema sp. CENA135 strain along with heptadecane, 2-hexadecene, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]] and 1-octadecyne. Cyanobium sp. CENA178 and Cyanobium sp. CENA181 showed moderate and weak anticholinesterase activity, respectively. Simultaneously, a co-culture was performed using Cyanobium sp. CENA181 and the marine endophytic fungus, Penicillium decaturense. The compound 10,11-dehydrocurvularin was isolated from the crude extract of P. decaturense, and curvularin from only the co-culture. Therefore, it was clear that the microorganisms exhibited an interaction leading to the different production of secondary metabolites. Nine species of cyanobacteria of the genus Symploca from Panama, American Samoa and one from Pasteur culture collection (PCC8002) were investigated to yield new natural products. Through molecular networking analysis three known compounds were identified: apratoxin A; palmiramide A and curacin D. Caracolamide A is a new compound isolated from fractions A2143 E and F. A known compound isolated from the same organism is called 4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22-decamethoxy-heptacos-1-ene, and it is an isotactic polymethoxy-1-alkene. The new compound caracolamide A demonstrated neuromodulatory activity at subnanomolar concentrations, and displayed similar effects as a phenylethylamine standard on the oscillation amplitude and frequency in Ca2+ channels. The results presented in this work provide chemical and biological information about the species studied, and enrich marine natural products researc

Classroom Discipline

Constructive classroom discipline is an important part of the educative process. It provides children with the opportunity to experience the satisfaction of fitting into a social group in an atmosphere which is conducive to learning and which promotes healthy emotional control. Academic learning and disciplined behavior are inseparable. If the latter breaks down, the former is impaired. Good teaching is made possible only by good discipline. This paper will explore, by means of the research, what is considered good discipline in the classroom

Optimizing the extraction of bioactive compounds from pu-erh tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) and evaluation of antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antihemolytic, and inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities

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A Systematic Review of Recently Reported Marine Derived Natural Product Kinase Inhibitors

Protein kinases are validated drug targets for a number of therapeutic areas, as kinase deregulation is known to play an essential role in many disease states. Many investigated protein kinase inhibitors are natural product small molecules or their derivatives. Many marine-derived natural products from various marine sources, such as bacteria and cyanobacteria, fungi, animals, algae, soft corals, sponges, etc. have been found to have potent kinase inhibitory activity, or desirable pharmacophores for further development. This review covers the new compounds reported from the beginning of 2014 through the middle of 2019 as having been isolated from marine organisms and having potential therapeutic applications due to kinase inhibitory and associated bioactivities. Moreover, some existing clinical drugs based on marine-derived natural product scaffolds are also discussed