Reducción de la fertilización sintética con composta y optimización del riego sobre la pudrición del tallo (Fusarium spp) del maíz

Maize is the most important grain crop in Mexico due to the largest area grown and as the main source of feeding nationwide; being Sinaloa de major producer. The same crop over repeated seasons has favored disease proliferation of stem and ear rot mainly attributed to Fusarium spp which represents a risk potential so that growers are warned top pay close attention to crop management. With the purpose of evaluating the effect of synthetic fertilization with compost and irrigation on maize stem and ear rot at Valle del Fuerte. Field experiments were conducted in the growing season of 2009 at INIFAP. The experiments were arranged under a split plot in randomized complete block design with three replicates. At the end of the season, it was found that fertilization or irrigation by themselves did not have any significant effect in yield and phenology variables evaluated. However, incidence on stem rot which was evaluated at 53 days after planting was that of 100%. Moreover, there were significant differences regarding severity of rotten ears when less irrigation was applied. Finally, morphological study showed that the main agent associated in maize stem rot was Fusarium verticilliodes. In contrast to that of ear rot that the main agents involved were Apergillus spp, Penicillum pinophilum, and with a higher incidence was Fusarium verticilliodes.El maíz es el cultivo agrícola de grano más importante de México por ser sembrado con mayor superficie y ser la base de la alimentación en toda la nación siendo Sinaloa el principal productor. La siembra repetitiva del cultivo efectuada a través de los años, ha favorecido la proliferación de enfermedades como la pudrición de tallos y la pudrición de mazorcas, atribuidas principalmente a Fusarium spp, las cuales representan un potencial de riesgo y han alertado al productor a poner mucha atención en el manejo del cultivo. Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la fertilización sintética con composta y riego sobre la pudrición de tallos y mazorcas de maíz en el Valle del Fuerte; experimentos de campo se condujeron en el ciclo agrícola primavera-verano 2009 en el INIFAP. El experimento fue diseñado en parcelas divididas en bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones; al final del ciclo se encontró que no hubo diferencias significativas del factor fertilización y riego respecto al rendimiento así como las variables fenológicas evaluadas. La incidencia de pudrición de tallos evaluada a los 53 días después de la siembra fue de 100%. Sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la severidad de mazorcas podridas donde se aplicaron menos riegos. Finalmente, el estudio morfológico mostro que el principal agente asociado en pudrición de tallos fue Fusarium verticilliodes y en cuanto a pudrición de mazorcas se detectó una mayor diversidad de agentes asociados tales como Apergillus spp, Penicillum pinophilum, y con mayor incidencia Fusarium verticilliodes

A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 respiratory disease, has infected over 2.3 million people, killed over 160,000, and caused worldwide social and economic disruption1,2. There are currently no antiviral drugs with proven clinical efficacy, nor are there vaccines for its prevention, and these efforts are hampered by limited knowledge of the molecular details of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To address this, we cloned, tagged and expressed 26 of the 29 SARS-CoV-2 proteins in human cells and identified the human proteins physically associated with each using affinity-purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS), identifying 332 high-confidence SARS-CoV-2-human protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Among these, we identify 66 druggable human proteins or host factors targeted by 69 compounds (29 FDA-approved drugs, 12 drugs in clinical trials, and 28 preclinical compounds). Screening a subset of these in multiple viral assays identified two sets of pharmacological agents that displayed antiviral activity: inhibitors of mRNA translation and predicted regulators of the Sigma1 and Sigma2 receptors. Further studies of these host factor targeting agents, including their combination with drugs that directly target viral enzymes, could lead to a therapeutic regimen to treat COVID-19

Reducción de la fertilización sintética con composta y optimización del riego sobre la pudrición del tallo (Fusarium spp) del maíz

Maize is the most important grain crop in Mexico due to the largest area grown and as the main source of feeding nationwide; being Sinaloa de major producer. The same crop over repeated seasons has favored disease proliferation of stem and ear rot mainly attributed to Fusarium spp which represents a risk potential so that growers are warned top pay close attention to crop management. With the purpose of evaluating the effect of synthetic fertilization with compost and irrigation on maize stem and ear rot at Valle del Fuerte. Field experiments were conducted in the growing season of 2009 at INIFAP. The experiments were arranged under a split plot in randomized complete block design with three replicates. At the end of the season, it was found that fertilization or irrigation by themselves did not have any significant effect in yield and phenology variables evaluated. However, incidence on stem rot which was evaluated at 53 days after planting was that of 100%. Moreover, there were significant differences regarding severity of rotten ears when less irrigation was applied. Finally, morphological study showed that the main agent associated in maize stem rot was Fusarium verticilliodes. In contrast to that of ear rot that the main agents involved were Apergillus spp, Penicillum pinophilum, and with a higher incidence was Fusarium verticilliodes.El maíz es el cultivo agrícola de grano más importante de México por ser sembrado con mayor superficie y ser la base de la alimentación en toda la nación siendo Sinaloa el principal productor. La siembra repetitiva del cultivo efectuada a través de los años, ha favorecido la proliferación de enfermedades como la pudrición de tallos y la pudrición de mazorcas, atribuidas principalmente a Fusarium spp, las cuales representan un potencial de riesgo y han alertado al productor a poner mucha atención en el manejo del cultivo. Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la fertilización sintética con composta y riego sobre la pudrición de tallos y mazorcas de maíz en el Valle del Fuerte; experimentos de campo se condujeron en el ciclo agrícola primavera-verano 2009 en el INIFAP. El experimento fue diseñado en parcelas divididas en bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones; al final del ciclo se encontró que no hubo diferencias significativas del factor fertilización y riego respecto al rendimiento así como las variables fenológicas evaluadas. La incidencia de pudrición de tallos evaluada a los 53 días después de la siembra fue de 100%. Sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la severidad de mazorcas podridas donde se aplicaron menos riegos. Finalmente, el estudio morfológico mostro que el principal agente asociado en pudrición de tallos fue Fusarium verticilliodes y en cuanto a pudrición de mazorcas se detectó una mayor diversidad de agentes asociados tales como Apergillus spp, Penicillum pinophilum, y con mayor incidencia Fusarium verticilliodes

Synthetic fertilization reduction with compost and irrigation optimization on maize stem rot (Fusarium spp)

Maize is the most important grain crop in Mexico due to the largest area grown and as the main source of feeding nationwide; being Sinaloa de major producer. The same crop over repeated seasons has favored disease proliferation of stem and ear rot mainly attributed to Fusarium spp which represents a risk potential so that growers are warned top pay close attention to crop management. With the purpose of evaluating the effect of synthetic fertilization with compost and irrigation on maize stem and ear rot at Valle del Fuerte. Field experiments were conducted in the growing season of 2009 at INIFAP. The experiments were arranged under a split plot in randomized complete block design with three replicates. At the end of the season, it was found that fertilization or irrigation by themselves did not have any significant effect in yield and phenology variables evaluated. However, incidence on stem rot which was evaluated at 53 days after planting was that of 100%. Moreover, there were significant differences regarding severity of rotten ears when less irrigation was applied. Finally, morphological study showed that the main agent associated in maize stem rot was Fusarium verticilliodes. In contrast to that of ear rot that the main agents involved were Apergillus spp, Penicillum pinophilum, and with a higher incidence was Fusarium verticilliodes