Pensare per Sistemi: la chiave delle moderne organizzazioni intelligenti

Peter Senge1 (Stanford, California, 1947) è uno dei teorici della cosiddetta Learning Organization, cioè l’organizzazione in grado di apprendere. Laureatosi alla Stanford University in ingegneria aerospaziale, negli anni successivi diventò direttore del Center for Organizational Learning alla MIT Sloan School of Management ed è il fondatore della Society for Organizational Learning (SoL). Come avrete in qualche modo compreso dalla lettura di questo volume, secondo Senge la caratteristica fondamentale delle Learning Organizations è che esse apprendono attraverso l’azione e l’esperienza dei suoi membri. Le organizzazioni che apprendono sono dunque quelle che hanno acquisito la consapevolezza del legame tra miglioramento, cambiamento e apprendimento, e le persone che ne fanno parte cercano di incrementare di continuo la loro capacità di conseguire i risultati cui aspirano. Tale tendenza verso l’apprendimento (che va inseguito e sviluppato lungo l’intero arco della vita) avviene sulla base dell’esercizio delle cinque discipline descritte in questo libro, e sono proprio tali discipline (di cui la quinta è proprio il Systems Thinkng – o Pensiero Sistemico – che integra le altre quattro) che permettono alle persone di apprendere quando sono inserite in un contesto organizzativo che in qualche modo anch’esso “risuona” con tale capacità di migliorarsi e cambiare, imparando. A più di 20 anni dalla prima proposizione2 in Italia di questo brillante ed illuminante volume, l’uscita di questo libro segue di poco l’uscita nel panorama italiano di un altro masterpiece del pensiero sistemico, Pensare per Sistemi3, di Donella Meadows4, con cui Senge ebbe modo di confrontarsi a lungo e lavorare insieme negli anni trascorsi al MIT ed anche successivamente. Ecco dunque che la riproposizione di questo volume, insieme al libro della Meadows, tradotto per l’Italia dal SYDIC, il System Dynamics Italian Chapter5 di cui ho l’onore di essere il Presidente, acquisisce oggi una fondamentale importanza nella costruzione di una letteratura di base sistemica in lingua italiana che sia al tempo stesso di supporto alla divulgazione del Systems Thinking e di illuminazione e base culturale comune per accademici, professionisti e aziende che intendono sposare questa metodologia di analisi e comprensione dei sistemi, che poi diviene inevitabilmente anche una importante filosofia nella vita di tutti i giorni. Proprio in continuità con Pensare per Sistemi, il SYDIC ha supportato con entusiasmo questa operazione editoriale sin dai primi passi e fino all’inclusione in questa nuova edizione di due capitoli inediti, il Capitolo 1 (del prof. Edoardo Mollona, Ordinario in Economia Aziendale e socio fondatore del SYDIC), che ha introdotto il lettore ad alcuni concetti preliminari e fondamentali de La Quinta Disciplina ad inizio volume e prima dell’inizio del testo stesso di Peter Senge, e di questo Capitolo conclusivo, a cura del sottoscritto (research fellow in modellazione e simulazione presso la Link Campus University e Presidente del Chapter Italiano della System Dynamics Society), che intende tirare invece le fila del discorso “Sengiano” e rilanciare una visione innovativa sulle organizzazioni moderne attraverso un concetto che evolve dalla Learning Organization e si proietta verso il futuro con la proposizione dell’idea di “Smart Model-based Governance”, un nuovo framework per le Organizzazioni Intelligenti, che in questo capitolo viene raffinata rispetto alle prime proposizioni (Armenia et al., 2017). Come si potrà dunque leggere nel prosieguo di questo capitolo, cercherò di guidare il lettore nella comprensione del concetto di “governance basata su modelli e dati” mostrando come gli elementi più tecnologici del moderno decision-making possano sfruttare appieno il paradigma concettuale offerto dal Systems Thinking e sposarsi perfettamente (senza dunque andarvi in contrasto) con gli elementi modellistici che emergono dalla transizione dalla Learning Organization alla Intelligent Organization

Water resource management through systemic approach: The case of Lake Bracciano

Today natural water resources are becoming scarce, both due to global climate change but also due to irresponsible behaviour of human beings. Lakes are among the most delicate aquatic systems due to their limited size. The objective of this paper is to propose a System Dynamics model, employed in a real case study regarding the city of Rome and one of its water reserves, the Bracciano Lake, for the evaluation of different strategies and policies to reduce environmental impacts, considering different climatic and context scenarios. The results indicate that, as the system is currently exposed to a high risk of ecological disaster, the situation might worsen, and the disaster effectively happen. Simulation models may help agencies and administrations to explore policies and find solutions to address this fundamental problem, that may become even worst over the next years, given the potential severe consequences deriving from the current global warming trends

Improving management effectiveness and overall performance of software development projects through a system dynamics approach

While existing research has mainly focused on project management’s static view, our work investigates the impacts of projects’ structure and behavioural dynamics on their performance, with a specific focus on the influence of some peculiar development processes. A dynamic simulation model of a single phase project was built using the system dynamics methodology. The model integrates several previously developed and tested project structures and adds a separate structure for the negotiation process. Simulations describe the behaviours generated by the interaction of customized development processes in single-phase projects. Project performances are measured in terms of time, quality and cost. Our research aims to show that development processes, as well as shared resource levelling techniques, significantly impact the dynamic behaviour of projects through the feedback, delays and nonlinear relationships which are usually omitted in traditional project management practice, as well as in methods, tools and models, but are very important descriptors of project complexity. Expanding the models used to manage projects to include dynamic features requires a change of focus by researchers and practitioners. The system dynamics methodology provides some of the tools for developing and implementing such an expansion in project models

Prevalence of resistance mutations related to integrase inhibitor S/GSK1349572 in HIV-1 subtype B raltegravir-naive and -treated patients

Objectives To compare the frequency of previously in vitro-selected integrase mutations (T124A, T124A/S153F, S153Y, T124A/S153Y and L101I/T124A/S153Y) conferring resistance to S/GSK1349572 between HIV-1 subtype B integrase inhibitor (INI)-naive and raltegravir-treated patients. Methods Integrase sequences from 650 INI-naive patients and 84 raltegravir-treated patients were analysed. Results The T124A mutation alone and the combination T124A/L101I were more frequent in raltegravir-failing patients than in INI-naive patients (39.3% versus 24.5%, respectively, P = 0.005 for T124A and 20.2% versus 10.0%, respectively, P = 0.008 for T124A/L101I). The S153Y/F mutations were not detected in any integrase sequence (except for S153F alone, only detected in one INI-naive patient). Conclusions T124A and T124A/L101I, more frequent in raltegravir-treated patients, could have some effect on raltegravir response and their presence could play a role in the selection of other mutations conferring S/GSK1349572 resistance. The impact of raltegravir-mediated changes such as these on the virological response to S/GSK1349572 should be studied further

Nested stromal-epithelial tumour of the liver : An unusual liver entity

Nested stromal-epithelial tumours (NSETs) of the liver have been reported to be extremely unusual primary hepatic neoplasms. To date, few cases have been described in the literature. NSETs have been defined as non-hepatocytic and non-biliary tumours of the liver consisting of nests of epithelial and spindled cells, myofibroblastic stroma and variable intralesional calcification and ossification. Here, we report a case of a young female who underwent liver resection for a large hepatic lesion that proved to be a calcifying NSET on pathological examination. Details about the clinical and histopathological features of the tumour are reported

Remote activation of enzyme nanohybrids for cancer prodrug therapy controlled by magnetic heating

Herein, we have developed nanohybrids (nHs) to remotely activate a therapeutic enzyme for its use in Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (DEPT). The coencapsulation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using biomimetic silica as an entrapment matrix was optimized to obtain nanosized hybrids (∼150 nm) for remote activation of the therapeutic enzyme. HRP converts indole-3-acetic acid (3IAA) into peroxylated radicals, whereas MNPs respond to alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) becoming local hotspots. The AMF application triggered an increase in the bioconversion rate of HRP matching the activity displayed at the optimal temperature of the nHs (Topt = 50 °C) without altering the temperature of the reaction media. This showed that enzyme nanoactuation is possible with MNPs even if they are not covalently bound. After an extensive physicochemical/magnetic characterization, the spatial location of each component of the nH was deciphered, and an insulating role of the silica matrix was suggested as critical for introducing remote control over HRP. In vitro assays, using a human pancreatic cancer cell line (MIA PaCa-2), showed that only upon exposure to AMF and in the presence of the prodrug, the enzyme-loaded nHs triggered cell death. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed higher reductions in the tumor volume growth in those animals treated with nHs in the presence of 3IAA when exposed to AMF. Thus, this work demonstrates the feasibility of developing a spatiotemporally controlled DEPT strategy to overcome unwanted off-target effects

HUBUNGAN HARGA DIRI DENGAN PERILAKU BULLYING PADA ANAK USIA SEKOLAH KELAS V DI SD MUHAMMADIYAH NGENTAK KALIBAWANG KULONPROGO YOGYAKARTA

Latar Belakang: Kasus bullying di sekolah menduduki peringkat teratas pengaduan masyarakat ke Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia. Ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku bullying, salah satunya harga diri. Tujuan Penelitian: Mengetahui hubungan harga diri dengan perilaku bullying pada anak usia sekolah kelas V di SD Muhammadiyah Ngentak Kalibawang Kulonprogo Yogyakarta. Metode Penelitian: Jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain deskriptif korelatif menggunakan pendekatan waktu cross sectional. Sampel diambil dengan teknik total sampling sebanyak 42 siswa kelas V sekolah kelas V di SD Muhammadiyah Ngentak Kalibawang Kulonprogo Yogyakarta. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan uji kendall tau. Hasil Penelitian: Harga diri anak usia sekolah sebagian besar tinggi sebanyak 20 anak (42,6%). Perilaku bullying pada anak usia sekolah sebagian besar rendah sebanyak 23 anak (48,9%). Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara harga diri dengan perilaku bullying pada anak usia sekolah kelas V SD Muhammadiyah Ngentak Kalibawang Kulonprogo Yogyakarta (p=0,000) dan (=-0,577). Simpulan: Ada hubungan harga diri dengan perilaku bullying pada anak usia sekolah kelas V SD Muhammadiyah Ngentak Kalibawang Kulonprogo Yogyakarta dengan keeratan hubungan sedang

Hubungan kondisi lingkungan keluarga dengan kejadian bullying pada siswa sekolah menengah pertama : Literatur Review

Latar Belakang: Berdasarkan data UNICEF tahun 2018 prevalensi bullying pada pelajar berusia 15 tahun yaitu sebesar 41%. Jenis perundungan yang dialami yaitu dipukuli dan disuruh-suruh oleh murid lain, barang kepunyaannya di hancurkan atau diambil, diancam oleh murid lain, diejek, dikucilkan dan menyebarkan rumor yang tidak baik mengenai korban. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kondisi lingkungan keluarga dengan terjadinya bullying pada anak di Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Metode: Penelusuran literature dilakukan dengan menggunakan databaseProquest dan Google Scholar (1 Januari 2017-1 Juli 2022). Kata kunci yang digunakan adalah kondisi lingkungan keluarga OR Family Environmental Conditions And Bullying Incidents OR Kejadian Bullying And Siswa SMP OR junior high school students. Hasil: Terdapat artikel yang diidentifikasi dan dipublikasi dari tahun 2017-2022 dari artikel, terdapat artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan lulus uji JBI yang menunjukkan bahwa terdapat Hubungan Kondisi Lingkungan Keluarga Dengan Kejadian Bullying Pada Siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Siswa yang memiliki dukungan dari keluarga yang tinggi terutama dari orang yang tua cenderung lebih sedikit terlibat dalam perilaku bullying, baik sebagai pelaku maupun sebagai korban. Lingkungan keluarga merupakan pondasi awal seseorang dalam membentuk sikap di kehidupan nya sehari-hari karena mereka belajar langsung dari keluarga terutama ibu dan ayah yang pertama kali mengenalkan sesuatu hal yang sifatnya baik untuk dilakukan dan tidak baik untuk dilakukan karena akan timbul dampak yang negatif ketika melakukan hal yang tidak diperbolehkanoleh kedua orangtua. Kesimpulan: Bullying yang dilakukan remaja dapat menyebabkan efek negatif untuk korban maupun pelaku. Dengan kondisi lingkungan yang baik, perilaku bullying dapat berkurang. Saran: Bagi peneliti selanjutnya dapat menambah variabel lain seperti dukungan teman sebaya dan kepercayaan diri untuk memperoleh data yang komprehensif mengenai perilaku bullying

Game Based Learning on Urban Sustainability: The "Sustain" Project

SUSTAIN is an ERASMUS+ project with an innovative perspective on urban sustainability. Its target is to promote the importance of sustainability on the everyday problems of the cities among the students of higher education, which are the policy makers of tomorrow and the ones that will shape the future. In order to achieve its goals, the research team will develop a course that will be based on an interactive game with an analytical style of education. This game will allow students to learn about transportation sustainability and societal metabolism through playing. In addition, the research team will develop small and illustrative simulation models, which will make the definitions more concrete and allow students to experiment in a consequence-free environment. It is a quite innovative and hybrid perspective way of learning, in the sense that it will combine game-based learning with a cognitive and analytical style of education

HUBUNGAN PENDIDIKAN IBU, PENGETAHUAN IBU, POLA ASUH DAN PENYAKIT INFEKSI DENGAN WASTING PADA BALITA: LITERATUR REVIEW

Latar belakang: Wasting adalah suatu kondisi gizi kurang akut dimana berat badan balita tidak sesuai dengan tinggi badan dan nilai z-score < -2. Balita rentan terhadap wasting karena pada usia ini balita sudah tidak mendapatkan ASI, sedangkan makanan yang dikonsumsi belum mencukupi kebutuhan gizi padahal pada masa ini balita sedang mengalami proses pertumbuhan yang pesat. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan pendidikan ibu, pengetahuan ibu, pola asuh dan penyakit infeksi dengan wasting pada balita. Metode Penelitian: Menggunakan metode Literatur Review, dengan mengumpulkan 10 artikel penelitian, melakukan identifikasi kata kunci menggunakan format PICO serta menentukan kriteria inklusi dan esklusi untuk menentukan artikel yang akan dipilih. Pencarian artikel dilakukan pada satu database (Google Schoolar). Hasil Penelitian: Dari 10 artikel, 4 artikel diantaranya menyatakan tingkat pendidikan ibu dengan wasting pada balita adalah SMA, 2 artikel menyatakan tingkat pengetahuan ibu dengan wasting pada balita adalah baik, 3 artikel menyatakan pola asuh yang diberikan ibu berada pada rentang baik, cukup dan baik, dan 2 artikel menyatakan ada penyakit infeksi yang menyertai balita dengan wasting. Simpulan dan saran: Ada hubungan antara pola asuh dengan wasting pada balita, ada hubungan antara penyakit infeksi dengan wasting pada balita, tidak ada hubungan antara tingkat pendidikan ibu dengan wasting pada balita dan tidak ada hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan ibu dengan wasting pada balita. Peneliti selanjutnya dapat meneliti mengenai tema ini dengan menambah variabel yang ada, seperti tingkat pendapatan, jumlah anggota keluarga dan sebagainya