Agrárpiaci Jelentések TEJ ÉS TEJTERMÉKEK

Magyarországon a nyerstej országos termelői átlagára 104,97 forint/kg volt 2014 májusában, 14 százalékkal haladta meg az egy évvel korábbit. A nyerstej kiviteli ára 99,52 forint/kg volt ugyanekkor, egy év alatt 7 százalékkal csökkent és 5 százalékkal maradt el a belpiaci ártól. A FAO májusi előrejelzése szerint a globális tejtermelés 2,1 százalékkal 783 millió tonnára nő 2014-ben az előző évihez képest. Az Egyesült Államok tejkibocsátása 2,4 százalékkal, Kínáé 2 százalékkal, az Európai Unióé 1,5 százalékkal emelkedhet. Az ife előrejelzése szerint az EU tejfelvásárlása a FAO projekciójánál nagyobb mértékben, 3 százalékkal nőhet az idén. A tej- és tejtermékek exportja (tejegyenértékben kifejezve) Új-Zélandon 4 százalékkal, az EU-ban és az USA-ban egyaránt 3 százalékkal bővülhet 2014-ben az egy évvel korábbihoz viszonyítva. Az ife elemzői szerint az EU-ban a készletek 2014 elején nagyon alacsony szintre süllyedtek, azonban a termelésbővülés hatására ismét emelkedhetnek. A vaj év végi zárókészlete 80 százalékkal, a sovány tejporé 111 százalékkal nőhet az idén az egy évvel korábbihoz viszonyítva. A világpiaci kereslet élénkülése és a magas készletszint miatt az EU a többlettermelését a világpiacon értékesítheti. Az EU sovány tejpor kivitele 14,5 százalékkal, a vajé 4 százalékkal, a sajté 2,5 százalékkal nő, míg a teljes tejporé 2 százalékkal csökken 2014-ben az előző évihez viszonyítva. Az EU sovány tejpor kivitelének erőteljes bővülését az okozza, hogy a magas vajárak sokkal jövedelmezőbbé teszik a sovány tejpor és a vaj termelését a teljes tejporhoz viszonyítva

Health and environmental risk evaluation of microorganisms used in bioremediation. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Microbial Ecology of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety

In 2015, The Norwegian Environment Agency requested the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) to collate an overview of bioremediation of polluted ground based on bioaugmentation described in literature for the degradation of various types of pollutants, (including hydrocarbons, heavy metals, chlorinated compounds, explosives etc.).The assessment of genetically modified microorganisms (GMO), phytoremediation, bioremediation based on natural attenuation, bio-stimulation or biodegradation, including composting, are not included in this report

Molecular studies of the response of Helicobacter hepaticus to bile, and the effect of Helicobacter bilis on human hepatoma cells

Enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS) are emerging infectious disease agents. Infection of the enterohepatobiliary tract of several mammals by this group of bacteria results in various pathological disorders. The availability of the Helicobacter hepaticus sequenced and annotated genome, allowed molecular characterisation of the responses of H. hepaticus to host factors such as bile. The adaptation/responses of the bacterium to bovine, porcine and human bile were investigated using proteomics and transcriptomics. Ninety-one different proteins were identified in the responses of H. hepaticus response to the three types of bile. These proteins participate in several key cellular processes including DNA replication; protein transcription, translation and folding; oxidative stress response; motility; virulence; and metabolism. In particular, the bacteria deployed several strategies such as inhibition of the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain as well as iron sequestration to ensure control of the levels of hydroxyl radicals. The results of this study revealed also the modulation by bile of the expression of H. hepaticus genes involved in response to oxidative stress and virulence. The responses of human HEp-2 and Huh7-derived cell-lines to H. hepaticus and Helicobacter bilis, respectively, were investigated employing proteomics and transcriptomics. One-hundred and twenty different proteins were differentially expressed in the responses of the human cells to the presence of Helicobacter spp. in the cell cultures. These proteins are involved in regulation of cell proliferation and structure; metabolism; protein transcription, translation and modification; stress response; and tumour induction. For example, in co-cultures of Huh7-derived cells and H. bilis, the activation of several mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins and the dysregulation of several apoptosis effectors were suggested as mechanisms that could result in the death of the liver cells. Importantly, the differential expression of several tumour-related proteins by the Huh7 cells supported a possible role for Helicobacter spp. in liver cancer

CRISPR/Cas9—Advancing Orthopoxvirus Genome Editing for Vaccine and Vector Development

: The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology is revolutionizing genome editing approaches. Its high efficiency, specificity, versatility, flexibility, simplicity and low cost have made the CRISPR/Cas9 system preferable to other guided site-specific nuclease-based systems such as TALENs (Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases) and ZFNs (Zinc Finger Nucleases) in genome editing of viruses. CRISPR/Cas9 is presently being applied in constructing viral mutants, preventing virus infections, eradicating proviral DNA, and inhibiting viral replication in infected cells. The successful adaptation of CRISPR/Cas9 to editing the genome of Vaccinia virus paves the way for its application in editing other vaccine/vector-relevant orthopoxvirus (OPXV) strains. Thus, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to resolve some of the major hindrances to the development of OPXV-based recombinant vaccines and vectors, including sub-optimal immunogenicity; transgene and genome instability; reversion of attenuation; potential of spread of transgenes to wildtype strains and close contacts, which are important biosafety and risk assessment considerations. In this article, we review the published literature on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in virus genome editing and discuss the potentials of CRISPR/Cas9 in advancing OPXV-based recombinant vaccines and vectors. We also discuss the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in combating viruses of clinical relevance, the limitations of CRISPR/Cas9 and the current strategies to overcome them

Sustainable use of CRISPR/Cas in fish aquaculture: the biosafety perspective

Aquaculture is becoming the primary source of seafood for human diets, and farmed fish aquaculture is one of its fastest growing sectors. The industry currently faces several challenges including infectious and parasitic diseases, reduced viability, fertility reduction, slow growth, escapee fish and environmental pollution. The commercialization of the growth-enhanced AquAdvantage salmon and the CRISPR/Cas9-developed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) proffers genetic engineering and genome editing tools, e.g. CRISPR/Cas, as potential solutions to these challenges. Future traits being developed in different fish species include disease resistance, sterility, and enhanced growth. Despite these notable advances, off-target effect and non-clarification of trait-related genes among other technical challenges hinder full realization of CRISPR/Cas potentials in fish breeding. In addition, current regulatory and risk assessment frameworks are not fit-for purpose regarding the challenges of CRISPR/Cas notwithstanding that public and regulatory acceptance are key to commercialization of products of the new technology. In this study, we discuss how CRISPR/Cas can be used to overcome some of these limitations focusing on diseases and environmental release in farmed fish aquaculture. We further present technical limitations, regulatory and risk assessment challenges of the use of CRISPR/Cas, and proffer research strategies that will provide much-needed data for regulatory decisions, risk assessments, increased public awareness and sustainable applications of CRISPR/Cas in fish aquaculture with emphasis on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) breeding

Knowledge base for the assessment of environmental risks by the use of genetically modified virus-vectored vaccines for domesticated animals. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Microbial Ecology of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety

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Health and environmental risk assessment of microbial cleaning products. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Microbial Ecology of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety

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Antimicrobial resistance due to the use of biocides and heavy metals: a literature review. Opinion of the Panel Panel on Microbial Ecology of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety

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Molecular characterization and phylogenetics of Fennoscandian cowpox virus isolates based on the p4c and atip genes

Background: Cowpox virus (CPXV), a rodent-borne Orthopoxvirus (OPV) that is indigenous to Eurasia can infect humans, cattle, felidae and other animals. Molecular characterization of CPXVs isolated from different geographic locations is important for the understanding of their biology, geographic distribution, classification and evolution. Our aim was to characterize CPXVs isolated from Fennoscandia on the basis of A-type inclusion (ATI) phenotype, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles of atip gene fragment amplicon, and phylogenetic tree topology in conjunction with the patristic and genetic distances based on full length DNA sequence of the atip and p4c genes. Methods: ATI phenotypes were determined by transmission electron microcopy and RFLP profiles were obtained by restriction enzyme digestion of the atip gene fragment PCR product. A 6.2 kbp region spanning the entire atip and p4c genes of Fennoscandian CPXV isolates was amplified and sequenced. The phylogenetic affinity of Fennoscandian CPXV isolates to OPVs isolated from other geographic regions was determined on the basis of the atip and p4c genes. Results: Fennoscandian CPXV isolates encoded full length atip and p4c genes. They produce wild type V+ ATI except for CPXV-No-H2. CPXVs were resolved into six and seven species clusters based on the phylogeny of the atip and p4c genes respectively. The CPXVs isolated from Fennoscandia were grouped into three distinct clusters that corresponded to isolates from Norway, Sweden and Finland. Conclusion: CPXV is a polyphyletic assemblage of six or seven distinct clusters and the current classification in which CPXVs are united as one single species should be re-considered. Our results are of significance to the classification and evolution of OPVs