Compaction and evolution of rock properties and rock physics diagnostics of Albatross discovery, SW Barents Sea

The Albatross discovery is located approximately 140 km northwest of Hammerfest (city of midnight sun), Norway in the central part of Hammerfest Basin, SW Barents Sea. The Albatross discovery included within Snøhvit field development project (the first gas development project in the Barents Sea) with two other discoveries, Snøhvit and Askeladd, in the area. The reservoirs contain gas and condensate in the Lower and Middle Jurassic sandstones of the Stø Formation. The study focuses compaction and rock perperties evolution of the whole sedimentary package penetrated by six exploration wells and to investigate physical and acoustic behavior of the reservoir sandstones applying rock physics diagnostics tool. In addition, an uplift estimation of the greater Snøhvit area (Snøhvit, Askeladd and Albatross) has also been performed. An integrated approach using well log data, published compaction trends and rock physics diagnostics methodology has been utilized in order to understand the evolution of rock properties with increasing burial and to investigate physical and acoustic behavior of reservoir sandstones of the Stø Formation. Bottom hole temperature has been used to infer the transition zone temperature from mechanical to chemical compaction. On the basis of transition from mechanical to chemical compaction, an estimation of eshumation is investigated. The sandstones of Nordmela, Tubåen and Fruholmen Formations, other possible reservoir rocks in the area, have also been investigated by rock physics diagnostics techniques. Results from this study clearly show that due to the combine effect of mechanical and chemical compaction, the rock properties such as velocity, density and porosity altered significantly as a function of depth. On the basis of abrupt velocity increase within a narrow depth interval the transition from mechanical to chemical compaction has established. The transition from mechanical to chemical compaction occurred within the Knurr Formation at varying depth and temperature depending upon geothermal gradient and structural configuration. The abrupt velocity change reflects stiffening of grain framework due to quartz cementation. The quartz cementation increases with depth as long as the surface area is available for precipitation of quartz and temperature is higher than 70ºC. The detail investigation suggested that the present day transition zone temperature is far bellow the temperature usually for the transition zone from mechanical to chemical compaction reflecting the study area as an exhumed basin. It can be stated that the transition zone temperature, before exhumation, was sufficient enough to initiate the chemical compaction. When observed Vp versus depth trends of all wells have been compared with published compaction trends, there was a clear mismatch observed. On the basis of difference between compaction published trends for normally compacted basin and trends observed in studied wells a rough exhumation was estimated. The exhumation estimates differ for Snøhvit, Albatross and Askeladd discoveries depending upon the structural configuration. The exhumation of Snøhvit field is in between 300 to 800 m increasing from west to east whereas in the Albatross discovery it increases in opposite direction ranging from 700 to 1000 m. In the Askeladd discovery it ranges from 300 to 1000 m and decreasing from south to north. This exhumation estimation is in accordance with the published literature The reservoir quality of Stø sandstones, investigated by rock physics diagnostics, decrease from eastern wells to western wells with different depth levels. This change in the quality of sandstones is due to the lithological variations within the Stø Formation. The depositional history suggested that the eastern wells are close to the shoreline (proximal zone) than the western wells (distal zone), controlling the deposition of coarser and well sorted sediments causing decrease in velocity. Hence, the impact of compaction (mechanical and chemical compaction) of Stø sandstones is lower in the east compared to west. Due to different deposition history resulted the grain sorting and variable geothermal gradient, the composition may different that also reflects different degree of cementation and, hence, different rock physical properties. Over-consolidation of reservoir rocks due to quartz cementation resulted in high impedance sandstones difficult to discriminate the effect of pore fluids. The study demonstrates that the complex burial history of Hammerfest basin uplift, erosion and renewed burial during Cenozoic time has influenced the distribution of hydrocarbons in the reservoirs and the position of fluids contacts. Exhumation suggested in this study can be used to calibrate the porosity/density/velocity versus depth relationships used in reservoir characterization work flows and also in assessing the degree of tertiary migration from traps due to exsolution of gas

A Neutrosophic Clinical Decision-Making System for Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Analysis

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Early diagnosis of heart disease can reduce this large number of deaths so that treatment can be carried out. Many decision-making systems have been developed, but they are too complex for medical professionals. To target these objectives, we develop an explainable neutrosophic clinical decision-making system for the timely diagnose of cardiovascular disease risk. We make our system transparent and easy to understand with the help of explainable artificial intelligence techniques so that medical professionals can easily adopt this system. Our system is taking thirtyfive symptoms as input parameters, which are, gender, age, genetic disposition, smoking, blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, body mass index, depression, unhealthy diet, metabolic disorder, physical inactivity, pre-eclampsia, rheumatoid arthritis, coffee consumption, pregnancy, rubella, drugs, tobacco, alcohol, heart defect, previous surgery/injury, thyroid, sleep apnea, atrial fibrillation, heart history, infection, homocysteine level, pericardial cysts, marfan syndrome, syphilis, inflammation, clots, cancer, and electrolyte imbalance and finds out the risk of coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, heart attack, heart arrhythmia, peripheral artery disease, aortic disease, pericardial disease, deep vein thrombosis, heart valve disease, and heart failure. There are five main modules of the system, which are neutrosophication, knowledge base, inference engine, de-neutrosophication, and explainability. To demonstrate the complete working of our system, we design an algorithm and calculates its time complexity. We also present a new de-neutrosophication formula, and give comparison of our the results with existing methods

Academic Stress Levels in Annual & Semester System: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study on Students of Physiotherapy in Lahore, Pakistan

Physical Therapy in Pakistan has not yet been considered amongst the reputed professions due to the lack of awareness among the public. This being the very reason of the higher stress among the students studying physiotherapy is kept under consideration in this study. The main purpose of this study was to determine if the students of Annual system endure stress levels higher than those of Semester system. Also the aim was to determine which assessment system was more conducive for an effective learning & to acknowledge the major stressors among the DPT students along with their coping strategies. This study was a Comparative Cross-Sectional Study conducted in duration of 8 months. Data was collected from both male and female students of DPT who had completed 50% of their credit hours of the curriculum. The sample size calculated was found to be 343 (n=343). Exposure assessment included the International Stress Questionnaire which is most commonly used instrument for the evaluation of stress levels among students. The International Stress Questionnaire was administered into a group of 70 students from Public and Private Institutes for validation purpose. Thus 560 questionnaires were distributed among students amongst which only 384 were fully completed and thus included for the statistical analysis. Mean age of the students was found to be 21±1.34 years. Amongst 384 students, 292 were females and 92 were males.190 students were from Annual system i.e. Pass/Fail system and 194 had GPA system as their assessment system. Interpretations were done according to the standard way i.e. a score of 4 or less was supposed to be mild, 5-13 was moderate and 14 or more was severe. Amongst those from Annual system, 17 had mild, 139 had moderate and 34 had severe stress. Amongst 194 students from GPA system, 122 had mild and 72 had moderate stress whereas none of those reported to fall in the category of severe stress. Independent t test was applied to identify if there were significant differences between the two groups and the p value was found to be 0.00 i.e. highly significant. A forum should be developed to register all the students enrolled in Doctor of Physiotherapy every year encompassing all Institutes to prevent the biasness due to non-probability sampling method used to recruit sample

FREQUENCY OF 25-HYDROXY VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of 25-hydroxy vitamin-D deficiency in Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Civil Hospital Karachi, Pakistan from January to December 2019. One hundred and sixty five diagnosed cases of MS of either gender, aging 20-55 years, not taking vitamin-D supplements, steroids and could go outside in the sun were selected through non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Patients having history of rickets, parathyroid disease, chronic liver or renal diseases were excluded. Blood sample was taken to measure 25-hydroxyl vitamin D3 levels. A level of <20 ng/ml was considered as vitamin-D deficient. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinants. RESULTS: Out of 165 MS patients, 106 (64.24%) were females, 66 (40%) had income between PKR 10000-25000, 51 (30.9%) were illiterate and 12 (7.3%) had graduate level education. Majority (n=101; 61.21%) had relapsing-remitting MS. Mean age of enrolled participants was 32.92±8.19 years and mean duration of MS was 2.17±0.84 years. Ninety-nine (60%) patients had history of adequate sun exposure. Vitamin-D deficiency in MS patients was 55 (33.3%). Female patients with MS had 2.9 times more likely to be vitamin-D deficient compared to male patients (95% CI: 1.3-6.5). Vitamin-D deficiency In MS patients having no or primary level education patients was recorded in 38 (69.1%) patients as compared to 17 (31.9%) case having secondary or higher education (p-value=0.046). CONCLUSION: Vitamin-D deficiency is common in MS patients. Female and less educated MS patients are at a higher risk of being vitamin-D deficient

Hormonal contraceptive use and risk of pancreatic cancer : A cohort study among premenopausal women

Drs. Mørch and Lidegaard were supported by a grant (No 11645) from the Novo Nordisk Foundation. The funder had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the paper; or in the decision to submit the paper for publication. Correction: Hormonal contraceptive use and risk of pancreatic cancer—A cohort study among premenopausal women; Sedrah Arif Butt, Øjvind Lidegaard, Charlotte Skovlund, Philip C. Hannaford, Lisa Iversen, Shona Fielding, Lina Steinrud Mørch; PLOS, Published: March 28, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214771Peer reviewedPublisher PD