Estudio sobre sicodinamia familiar

El presente estudio es un intento de obtener un conocimiento científico de la sicodinamia de las familias de la clase baja urbana, así como de los problemas emocionales y los conflictos en las relaciones interpersonales, que pueden o no condicionar patología, en los individuos y en el grupo familiar, sin olvidar la influencia ambiental socio-cultural que los modula

Predicting Earthquake-Induced Landslides by Using a Stochastic Modeling Approach: A Case Study of the 2001 El Salvador Coseismic Landslides

In January and February 2001, El Salvador was hit by two strong earthquakes that triggered thousands of landslides, causing 1259 fatalities and extensive damage. The analysis of aerial and SPOT-4 satellite images allowed us to map 6491 coseismic landslides, mainly debris slides and flows that occurred in volcanic epiclastites and pyroclastites. Four different multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) models were produced using different predictors and landslide inventories which contain slope failures triggered by an extreme rainfall event in 2009 and those induced by the earthquakes of 2001. In a predictive analysis, three validation scenarios were employed: the first and the second included 25% and 95% of the landslides, respectively, while the third was based on a k-fold spatial cross-validation. The results of our analysis revealed that: (i) the MARS algorithm provides reliable predictions of coseismic landslides; (ii) a better ability to predict coseismic slope failures was observed when including susceptibility to rainfall-triggered landslides as an independent variable; (iii) the best accuracy is achieved by models trained with both preparatory and trigger variables; (iv) an incomplete inventory of coseismic slope failures built just after the earthquake event can be used to identify potential locations of yet unreported landslides

Copper: Synthesis Techniques in Nanoscale and Powerful Application as an Antimicrobial Agent

Nanosized metal particles show specific physical and chemical properties that allow the creation of new composites materials, which are important for multiple applications in biology and medicine such as infections control. Metal nanoparticles, mainly copper, exhibit excellent inhibitory effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; therefore the exploration about the efficient, economical, and friendly environmental technics to synthesize inorganic nanoparticles is imperative. In this work a brief overview of the several methods is made including the comparison of the methods, mainly between sonochemical, microwave, and chemical routes. It allows determining the optimal parameters and technical conditions to synthesize copper nanoparticles with physical and chemical properties suitable for the oral bacterial inhibition

The pattern of brittle deformation in Central America for an assessment of the seismo-tectonic framework

A seismo-tectonic map depicting the principal structural elements of the northern Central American region has been meticulously crafted to characterize the tectonic setting and the individual seismo-tectonic structures of this area. This region is subject to heightened seismic activity, with a large number of medium-high Magnitude occurrences transpiring annually. This map is presented alongside an informative dataset wherein fault trace locations, geometry and kinematics descriptors and other available metadata have been stored. Therefore, the map offers a detailed and up-to-date depiction of the brittle deformation across the region, serving as a valuable resource for a comprehensive assessment of the seismo-tectonic framework. Moreover, the map and its accompanying database summarize fault characteristics for seismic hazard analysts and for civil protection workers, proving to be useful instruments in pinpointing areas where urgent fault research should be conducted from a seismic risk standpoint

Plasma endocannabinoid levels in lean, overweight, and obese humans: relationships to intestinal permeability markers, inflammation, and incretin secretion

First published February 13, 2018Intestinal production of endocannabinoid and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is impaired in high-fat diet/obese rodents, leading to reduced satiety. Such diets also alter the intestinal microbiome in association with enhanced intestinal permeability and inflammation, however little is known of these effects in humans. This study aimed to: (i) evaluate effects of lipid on plasma anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG) and OEA in humans, and (ii) examine relationships with intestinal permeability, inflammation markers and incretin hormone secretion.20 lean, 18 overweight and 19 obese participants underwent intraduodenal Intralipid® infusion (2 kcal/min) with collection of endoscopic duodenal biopsies and blood. Plasma AEA, 2-AG, and OEA (HPLC/tandem mass spectrometry), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) (multiplex), and duodenal expression of occludin, zona-occludin-1 (ZO-1), intestinal-alkaline-phosphatase (IAP), and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) (RT-PCR), were assessed.Fasting plasma AEA was increased in obese, compared with lean and overweight (P<0.05), with no effect of BMI group or ID lipid infusion on plasma 2-AG or OEA. Duodenal expression of IAP and ZO-1 was reduced in obese, compared with lean (P<0.05), and these levels related negatively to plasma AEA (P<0.05). The iAUC for AEA was positively related to iAUC GIP (r=0.384, P=0.005).Obese individuals have increased plasma AEA and decreased duodenal expression of ZO-1 and IAP, in comparison to lean and overweight. The relationships between plasma AEA with duodenal ZO-1 and IAP, and GIP, suggest that altered endocannabinoid signalling may contribute to changes in intestinal permeability, inflammation and incretin release in human obesity.Tanya J. Little, Nada Cvijanovic, Nicholas V. DiPatrizio, Donovan A. Argueta, Christopher K. Rayner, X Christine Feinle-Bisset, and Richard L. Youn

Diversidad morfológica y fisiológica de cepas nativas de Trichoderma spp. en suelos cacaoteros de México

Objective: To study the morphological, microscopic and physiological diversity of native species of Trichoderma genus associated with soils with cocoa cultivation in Mexico. Design / methodology / approximation: Colonies of Trichoderma spp. were isolated and characterized morphologically, microscopically and physiologically. from soil samples from six sites with different agronomic management: Organic Management, Conventional and No Management. A multivariate analysis (Analysis of main components and Analysis of hierarchical conglomerates) was carried out based on eight morphological characters of the colonies: shape, mycelium texture, obverse color, reverse color, central halo, number of concentric rings, type of sporulation and sporulation capacity; three microscopic characters: conidia shape and length / width relation of conidia and phialides. Results: 30 strains with macroscopic characteristics of the genus Trichoderma were isolated and purified. The Principal Components Analysis showed that the first three components expressed 66.27% of the total variability in the 30 strains of Trichoderma spp., observing a wide distribution of the strains from the analysis of the evaluated characters. The analysis of hierarchical clusters determined eight groups divided into subgroups from the semiparcial correlation coefficient of 0.05. Limitations of the study / implications: Trichoderma species show intraspecific variation that change with respect to the environmental conditions of the environment where they grow. Findings / conclusions: The morphological, microscopic and physiological characterization shows a high variability expressed in different characters that demonstrate the high diversity and specificity of Trichoderma spp. in soils with cocoa cultivation in Mexico.Objetivo: Estudiar la diversidad morfológica, microscópica y fisiológica de especies nativas del género Trichoderma asociadas a suelos cacaoteros de México. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se aislaron y caracterizaron morfológica, microscópica y fisiológicamente, colonias de Trichoderma spp. a partir de muestras de suelo de seis sitios con diferente manejo agronómico: Manejo Orgánico, Convencional y Sin Manejo. Se realizó un análisis multivariado (Análisis de componentes principales y Análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos) a partir de ocho caracteres morfológicos de las colonias: forma, textura del micelio, color anverso, color reverso, halo central, número de anillos concéntricos, tipo de esporulación y capacidad de esporulación; tres caracteres microscópicos: forma de conidios y relación largo/ancho de conidios y fiálides. Resultados: Se aislaron y purificaron 30 cepas con características macroscópicas del género Trichoderma. El Análisis de Componentes Principales mostró que los primeros tres componentes expresaron el 66.27 % de la variabilidad total en las 30 cepas de Trichoderma spp., observando una amplia distribución de las cepas a partir del análisis de los caracteres evaluados. El análisis de conglomerados jerarquicos determinó ocho grupos divididos en subgrupos a partir del coeficiente de correlación semiparcial de 0.05. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Las especies de Trichoderma muestran variación intraespecífica que cambian con respecto a las condiciones ambientales del medio donde crecen. Hallazgos/conclusiones: La caracterización morfológica, microscópica y fisiológica, muestra una alta variabilidad expresada en diferentes caracteres que demuestran la alta diversidad y especificidad de las especies de Trichoderma spp. en suelos cacaoteros de México

A Systematic Review of Mosquito Coils and Passive Emanators: Defining Recommendations for Spatial Repellency Testing Methodologies.

Mosquito coils, vaporizer mats and emanators confer protection against mosquito bites through the spatial action of emanated vapor or airborne pyrethroid particles. These products dominate the pest control market; therefore, it is vital to characterize mosquito responses elicited by the chemical actives and their potential for disease prevention. The aim of this review was to determine effects of mosquito coils and emanators on mosquito responses that reduce human-vector contact and to propose scientific consensus on terminologies and methodologies used for evaluation of product formats that could contain spatial chemical actives, including indoor residual spraying (IRS), long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) and insecticide treated materials (ITMs). PubMed, (National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine, NIH), MEDLINE, LILAC, Cochrane library, IBECS and Armed Forces Pest Management Board Literature Retrieval System search engines were used to identify studies of pyrethroid based coils and emanators with key-words "Mosquito coils" "Mosquito emanators" and "Spatial repellents". It was concluded that there is need to improve statistical reporting of studies, and reach consensus in the methodologies and terminologies used through standardized testing guidelines. Despite differing evaluation methodologies, data showed that coils and emanators induce mortality, deterrence, repellency as well as reduce the ability of mosquitoes to feed on humans. Available data on efficacy outdoors, dose-response relationships and effective distance of coils and emanators is inadequate for developing a target product profile (TPP), which will be required for such chemicals before optimized implementation can occur for maximum benefits in disease control

Eficiencia del uso de nitrógeno en sorgo sensible al fotoperíodo en asocio con maíz en El Salvador

Eficiencia del uso de nitrógeno en sorgo sensible al fotoperíodo en asocio con maíz en El Salvador. En El Salvador se llevó a cabo un estudio durante los años 2001 y 2002 en Izalco y Santa Cruz Porrillo, con las variedades de sorgo: 86-EO-226, 85-SCP-805, ES-790, Santa Cruz, Limay y Yalaguina bajo 0, 47, 95 y 142 kg de N/ha. El rendimiento del grano y del rastrojo, la concentración y la extracción de nitrógeno (N), y el uso eficiente del N en el grano y en la biomasa (UEN) fueron determinados. Las variedades 85- SCP-805, ES-790 y 86-EO-226 produjeron de 1,8 a 2,9 t/ha más grano que las variedades Santa Cruz y Yalaguina, con poca diferencia en el rendimiento del rastrojo. La aplicación de N aumentó el rendimiento cuadráticamente, se obtuvo más del 67% del aumento cuando la aplicación de N fue de 47 kg de N/ha. El UEN del grano disminuyó con el aumento de N, pero en general las variedades 85-SCP-805, ES-790 y 86-E0- 226 dieron un UEN del grano mayor a 50 kg de materia seca del grano/kg de N extraído, mientras que Santa Cruz y Yalaguina mostraron UEN entre 20 y 30 kg de materia seca del grano/kg N extraido. Estos resultados indicaron que pueden aumentar el rendimiento del grano y del rastrojo, y el UEN del grano, en las variedades sensibles al fotoperíodo

Host- and Helminth-Derived Endocannabinoids That Have Effects on Host Immunity Are Generated during Infection.

Helminths have coevolved with their hosts, resulting in the development of specialized host immune mechanisms and parasite-specific regulatory products. Identification of new pathways that regulate helminth infection could provide a better understanding of host-helminth interaction and may identify new therapeutic targets for helminth infection. Here we identify the endocannabinoid system as a new mechanism that influences host immunity to helminths. Endocannabinoids are lipid-derived signaling molecules that control important physiologic processes, such as feeding behavior and metabolism. Following murine infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, an intestinal nematode with a life cycle similar to that of hookworms, we observed increased levels of endocannabinoids (2-arachidonoylglycerol [2-AG] or anandamide [AEA]) and the endocannabinoid-like molecule oleoylethanolamine (OEA) in infected lung and intestine. To investigate endocannabinoid function in helminth infection, we employed pharmacological inhibitors of cannabinoid subtype receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R). Compared to findings for vehicle-treated mice, inhibition of CB1R but not CB2R resulted in increased N. brasiliensis worm burden and egg output, associated with significantly decreased expression of the T helper type 2 cytokine interleukin 5 (IL-5) in intestinal tissue and splenocyte cultures. Strikingly, bioinformatic analysis of genomic and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data sets identified putative genes encoding endocannabinoid biosynthetic and degradative enzymes in many parasitic nematodes. To test the novel hypothesis that helminth parasites produce their own endocannabinoids, we measured endocannabinoid levels in N. brasiliensis by mass spectrometry and quantitative PCR and found that N. brasiliensis parasites produced endocannabinoids, especially at the infectious larval stage. To our knowledge, this is the first report of helminth- and host-derived endocannabinoids that promote host immune responses and reduce parasite burden

Multi-omics Analysis Reveals Immune Features Associated with Immunotherapy Benefit in Patients with Squamous Cell Lung Cancer from Phase III Lung-MAP S1400I Trial

PURPOSE: Identifying molecular and immune features to guide immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based regimens remains an unmet clinical need. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Tissue and longitudinal blood specimens from phase III trial S1400I in patients with metastatic squamous non-small cell carcinoma (SqNSCLC) treated with nivolumab monotherapy (nivo) or nivolumab plus ipilimumab (nivo+ipi) were subjected to multi-omics analyses including multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF), nCounter PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel, whole-exome sequencing, and Olink. RESULTS: Higher immune scores from immune gene expression profiling or immune cell infiltration by mIF were associated with response to ICIs and improved survival, except regulatory T cells, which were associated with worse overall survival (OS) for patients receiving nivo+ipi. Immune cell density and closer proximity of CD8+GZB+ T cells to malignant cells were associated with superior progression-free survival and OS. The cold immune landscape of NSCLC was associated with a higher level of chromosomal copy-number variation (CNV) burden. Patients with LRP1B-mutant tumors had a shorter survival than patients with LRP1B-wild-type tumors. Olink assays revealed soluble proteins such as LAMP3 increased in responders while IL6 and CXCL13 increased in nonresponders. Upregulation of serum CXCL13, MMP12, CSF-1, and IL8 were associated with worse survival before radiologic progression. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency, distribution, and clustering of immune cells relative to malignant ones can impact ICI efficacy in patients with SqNSCLC. High CNV burden may contribute to the cold immune microenvironment. Soluble inflammation/immune-related proteins in the blood have the potential to monitor therapeutic benefit from ICI treatment in patients with SqNSCLC