Internacionalización y globalización : notas sobre su incidencia en las condiciones y expresiones del riesgo en América Latina

El riesgo se explica en relación con una construcción social, producto de la relación dinámica,\ud cambiante y dialéctica entre los diversos tipos de amenaza y vulnerabilidad humana,\ud los procesos que contribuyen a la conformación del riesgo derivan de las modalidades\ud o estilos de crecimiento o acumulación económicas experimentadas en la\ud sociedad a lo largo de la historia. En América Latina, en general, el capitalismo en sus\ud distintas fases y formas ha conducido a la conformación de condiciones particulares de\ud riesgo. La globalización, como proceso objetivo, y las políticas impulsadas y sustentadas\ud en los principios del neoliberalismo cimientan nuevas expresiones del riesgo y del\ud desastre, surgen así nuevas formas de riesgo en el ámbito territorial y social, asociadas\ud con la conformación de zonas de libre comercio, corredores comerciales o logísticos,\ud grandes ciudades articuladoras de la nueva territorialidad de los procesos económicos y\ud la consecuente exclusión social de amplios sectores de la población

Internacionalización y globalización : notas sobre su incidencia en las condiciones y expresiones del riesgo en América Latina

El riesgo se explica en relación con una construcción social, producto de la relación dinámica, cambiante y dialéctica entre los diversos tipos de amenaza y vulnerabilidad humana, los procesos que contribuyen a la conformación del riesgo derivan de las modalidades o estilos de crecimiento o acumulación económicas experimentadas en la sociedad a lo largo de la historia. En América Latina, en general, el capitalismo en sus distintas fases y formas ha conducido a la conformación de condiciones particulares de riesgo. La globalización, como proceso objetivo, y las políticas impulsadas y sustentadas en los principios del neoliberalismo cimientan nuevas expresiones del riesgo y del desastre, surgen así nuevas formas de riesgo en el ámbito territorial y social, asociadas con la conformación de zonas de libre comercio, corredores comerciales o logísticos, grandes ciudades articuladoras de la nueva territorialidad de los procesos económicos y la consecuente exclusión social de amplios sectores de la población

The teacher’s strengths, weaknesses and conceptions at the moment of implementation of ICT during the teaching processes

Este trabajo tuvo como propósito identificar fortalezas, necesidades y concepciones que tienen los profesores de cinco instituciones públicas de Bucaramanga, al momento de incorporar las TIC a la enseñanza. Se realizaron entrevistas a maestros y cuestionarios tanto a maestros y estudiantes de tal forma que la investigación se desarrolló siguiendo una metodología ecléctica. Los resultados evidencian una limitada incorporación de las TIC a la práctica docente. El desconocimiento de programas, tutoriales y/o simuladores, el bajo nivel de inglés, el número insuficiente de equipos y su inadecuado mantenimiento; el servicio deficiente, malo y en algunas ocasiones inexistente del internet; la falta de calidad en las capacitaciones en TIC para los docentes y el uso inadecuado que los estudiantes hacen de ellas, figuran como las debilidades que van en contravía a su uso. Dentro de las fortalezas destacan el aumento de hogares que cuentan con ordenador e internet; el efecto motivador que las TIC despiertan en los estudiantes; la variedad de actividades que hay en internet y la autonomía que se logra desarrollar en los estudiantes con su uso.The purpose of this study was to identify the strengths, needs and conceptions of the teachers of five public institutions in Bucaramanga, when incorporating ICT in teaching. Teacher interviews and questionnaires were conducted to both teachers and students in such a way that the research was developed following an eclectic methodology. The results show a limited incorporation of ICT in teaching practice. Ignorance of programs, tutorials and / or simulators, low English, insufficient number of equipment and inadequate maintenance; Poor, bad and sometimes non-existent internet service; The lack of quality in ICT training for teachers and the inadequate use that students make of them are listed as weaknesses that go against their use. Among the strengths are the increase of homes with computers and internet; the motivating effect of ICTs on students; the variety of activities that are on the internet and the autonomy that can be developed in students with their use

Detection and Genetic Diversity of Porcine Coronavirus Involved in Diarrhea Outbreaks in Spain

[EN]Porcine enteric coronaviruses include some of the most relevant viral pathogens to the swine industry such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) or porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) as well as several recently identified virus such as swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) or swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV). The aim of this study is the identification and characterization of enteric coronaviruses on Spanish pig farms between 2017 and 2019. The study was carried out on 106 swine farms with diarrhea outbreaks where a viral etiology was suspected by using two duplex RT-PCRs developed for the detection of porcine enteric coronaviruses. PEDV was the only coronavirus detected in our research (38.7% positive outbreaks, 41 out of 106) and neither TGEV, SeCoV, PDCoV nor SeACoV were detected in any of the samples. The complete S-gene of all the PEDV isolates recovered were obtained and compared to PEDV and SeCoV sequences available in GenBank. The phylogenetic tree showed that only PEDV of the INDEL 2 or G1b genogroup has circulated in Spain between 2017 and 2019. Three different variants were detected, the recombinant PEDV-SeCoV being the most widespread. These results show that PEDV is a relevant cause of enteric disorders in pigs in Spain while new emerging coronavirus have not been detected so far. However, the monitoring of these virus is advisable to curtail their emergence and spread.SIThis work was supported by the program from the National Institute of Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA project E-RTA2015-0003-C02-02) of Spanish Government. HP, ÓM-A, and HA were supported by Spanish Government (FPU17/00466, FPU16/03485, and BEAGAL-18-106, respectively) and MG-G by Junta de Castilla y León (LE131-18)

In-depth in vitro Evaluation of the Activity and Mechanisms of Action of Organic Acids and Essential Oils Against Swine Enteropathogenic Bacteria

P. 1-13Alternative antimicrobials require a deep understanding of their action mechanisms by in vitro assays which support science-based field use. This study focuses on the characterization of bactericidal mechanisms of potential antimicrobial compounds, two organic acids and three single essential oil (EO) compounds against swine enteropathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Clostridium perfringens. Target concentrations of the compounds were evaluated using the inhibitory potential of the vapor phase and bacterial viability after short-term exposure, while cell targets were disclosed using flow cytometry (FC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All tested compounds exhibited vapor phase activity against the three bacterial species, except sodium salt of coconut fatty acid distillates against C. perfringens. Survival test results evidenced that effects on bacterial viability were concentration dependent and higher in single EO compounds than in organic acids. In detail, thymol and its isomer carvacrol were the most effective compounds. Further characterization of thymol and cinnamaldehyde activity revealed that thymol main target was the cell membrane, since it caused striking damages in the membrane permeability, integrity and composition evidenced by FC and FTIR in the three enteric pathogens. In contrast, cinnamaldehyde was more effective against enterobacteria than against C. perfringens and only caused slightly damages at the highest concentration tested. Its target at the molecular level differed between enterobacteria and C. perfringens isolates. The SEM micrographs allowed us to confirm the results previously obtained for both EO compounds by other techniques. Altogether, the study showed the straight effect of these antimicrobials, which could constitute relevant information to optimize their feed inclusion rates in field studies or field use.S

Infrapatellar Fat Pad resection effect on the osteoarthritis development: Experimental study in sheep

[EN] Introducción: La grasa de las articulaciones sinoviales puede servir para el mantenimiento dela estructura articular. Nuestro objetivo es analizar la evolución de la degeneración articularen rodillas con y sin paquete adiposo. Material y metodología: En 6 ovejas se efectuó la sección del ligamento cruzado anterior en ambas rodillas, para provocar una artrosis. En un grupo se preservó el paquete adi-poso y en otro grupo se extirpó completamente. Realizamos un estudio histológico y de biología molecular analizando la expresión, en la membrana sinovial, el hueso subcondral, cartílago, grasa, menisco y líquido sinovial, de RUNX2, PTHrP, catepsina-K y MCP1.Resultados: No encontramos diferencias morfológicas. Encontramos aumento de la expresión de RUNX2 en membrana sinovial, PTHrP y Catepsina K en líquido sinovial en el grupo sin grasa y aumento de la expresión RUNX2 en el menisco y MCP1 en líquido sinovial en el grupo con grasa. Conclusión: La grasa infrapatelar participa en el proceso inflamatorio que acompaña en la artrosis, pues la resección de la grasa de Hoffa altera los marcadores proinflamatorios, mientras que el modelo con la grasa intacta incrementa el marcador proinflamatorio MCP1 en líquido sinovial.SIProyecto financiado por la Fundación SECOT, dentro de las becas para proyectos de investigación concedidas en 2018

The Effect of Supplementation with Betaine and Zinc on In Vitro Large Intestinal Fermentation in Iberian Pigs under Heat Stress

[EN] We investigated the effects of betaine and zinc on the in vitro fermentation of pigs under heat stress (HS). Twenty-four Iberian pigs (43.4 ± 1.2 kg) under HS (30 °C) were assigned to treatments for 4 weeks: control (unsupplemented), betaine (5 g/kg), and zinc (0.120 g/kg) supplemented diet. Rectal content was used as the inoculum in 24-hincubations with pure substrates (starch, pectin, inulin, cellulose). Total gas, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), and methane production and ammonia concentration were measured. The abundance of total bacteria and several bacterial groups was assessed. Betaine increased the acetate production with pectin and inulin, butyrate production with starch and inulin, and ammonia concentration, and decreased propionate production with pectin and inulin. The abundance of Bifidobacterium and two groups of Clostridium decreased with betaine supplementation. Zinc decreased the production of SCFA and gas with starch and inulin, associated with diminished bacterial activity. Propionate production decreased with starch, pectin, and inulin while butyrate production increased with inulin, and isoacid production increased with cellulose and inulin in pigs supplemented with zinc. The ammonia concentration increased for all substrates. The Clostridium cluster XIV abundance decreased in pigs fed zinc supplemented diets. The results reported were dependent on the substrate fermented, but the augmented butyrate production with both betaine and zinc could be of benefit for the hostSIThis research was funded by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. grant AGL 2016-80231. Zaira Pardo received a scholarship FPI from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, reference BES-2017-081448

In vitro activity of essential oils against microbial isolates from otitis externa cases in dogs

[EN] Despite the number of studies focused on the potential use of essential oils (EOs) as an alternative to conventional treatments of canine external otitis, there is controversy about their antimicrobial activity which could be explained by differences in technical or biological aspects. This study focuses on the antimicrobial activity of three single EO compounds (thymol, cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol) and two EOs (clove and oregano) against clinical isolates recovered from canine otitis externa cases (14 bacterial isolates belonging to five different genera and six Malassezia pachydermatis isolates). All compounds showed activity and cinnamaldehyde exhibited the highest bactericidal and fungicidal activity. The susceptibility was lower among bacterial isolates than fungal isolates, being this difference more evident for Gram-positive bacteria. No relationship between antibiotic multi-resistant profile and susceptibility to compounds was observed. To sum up, our results provide appropriate information about appropriate concentrations of promising candidates for the topic treatment of canine otitis.SIManuel Gómez-García was supported by grant from Junta de Castilla y León co-financed by the European Social Fund (LE131-18). Héctor Puente (FPU17/00466) and Óscar Mencía-Ares (FPU16/03485) were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education. Héctor Argüello was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education under the programme Beatriz Galindo (BEAGAL-18-106)

Combined in-vitro and on-farm evaluation of commercial disinfectants used against Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

[EN] Background: Swine dysentery (SD) is a severe infectious disease with a relevant impact on pig production usually caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, although B. hampsonii causes an identical clinical picture. SD control relies on antimicrobials, good management practices and strict biosecurity with cleaning and disinfection as crucial tools to avoid the pathogen transmission. This study evaluates the in-vitro efficacy of an array of commercial disinfectants against a collection of B. hyodysenteriae isolates using broth tests. The efficacy of cleaning and disinfection protocols was also evaluated on two farms with endemic SD using surface swabs collected in emptied pens before and after cleaning and disinfection procedures, using both real-time PCR and bacterial microbiological culture. Results: Most of the commercial disinfectants evaluated were effective against all B. hyodysenteriae isolates tested, with a reduction of more than 5.00 log10 CFU/mL (bactericidal efficacy of 99.999%). However, some isolates exhibited reduced susceptibility to Virkon-S and Limoseptic disinfectants. The evaluation of cleaning and disinfection protocols on farms with SD outbreaks showed that approximately half the pens tested (n = 25) were positive by real-time PCR after pigs removal (mean B. hyodysenteriae counts 5.72 ± 1.04 log10 CFU/mL) while almost 20% of the pens remained positive after cleaning (n = 7) and disinfection (n = 5) procedures although with significantly lower, mean estimates (4.31 ± 0.43 log10 CFU/mL and 4.01 ± 0.55 log10 CFU/mL, respectively). Conclusions: These results show the efficacy of disinfectants against B. hyodysenteriae but also stress the need to implement adequately the cleaning and disinfection protocols on pig farms and review and revise their efficiency periodically.SIThis study was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2019-110662RB-I00) and the Castilla y León Rural Development Pro‑ gramme co-fnanced by EAFRD (47/18/125/G0

In vitro evaluation of gentamicin activity against Spanish field isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

[EN]Background: The treatment of swine dysentery (SD) has become constrained in recent years due to the limited availability of effective drugs combined with a rise in antimicrobial resistance. Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is authorised for the control of this disease in several European countries but has not been extensively used so far. In this study, the in vitro susceptibility of 56 Brachyspira hyodysenteriae field isolates was evaluated against gentamicin using a broth microdilution test. The molecular basis of decreased susceptibility to gentamicin was also investigated by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic relatedness by multiple-locus variable number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). Results: Most B. hyodysenteriae isolates presented low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values to gentamicin, with a mode of 2 µg/mL, a median or MIC50 of 4 µg/mL and percentile 90 or MIC90 of 16 µg/mL. The distribution of these values over the period studied (2011–2019) did not show a tendency towards the development of resistance to gentamicin. Differences in susceptibility among isolates could be explained by two point-mutations in the 16S rRNA gene, C990T and A1185G, which were only present in isolates with high MICs. These isolates were typed in three different MLVA clusters. Analyses of co-resistance between gentamicin and antimicrobials commonly used for the treatment of SD revealed that resistance to tiamulin and valnemulin was associated with low MICs for gentamicin. Conclusions: The results provide an accurate characterisation of antimicrobial sensitivity to gentamicin and possible mechanisms of resistance in Spanish B. hyodysenteriae isolates. These findings allow us to propose gentamicin as an alternative in the antibiotic management of SD, particularly in outbreaks caused by pleuromutilin resistant isolates.SIThe authors wish to thank Benjamín Rabanal for his contribution in some parts of the research and Diana Molina for her excellent technical assistance. Clara Vega (workplace ULE-02-B) and Manuel Gómez (LE131-18) are supported by grants from Junta de Castilla y León co-financed by the European Social Fund and Youth Employment Initiative. Héctor Argüello is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education under the programme “Beatriz Galindo” (BEAGAL-18-106). Lucía Pérez-Pérez (PRE2020-093762) and Héctor Puente (FPU17/00466) are also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education. We fnally want to thank the reviewer for the advice and ideas provided which clearly improved the quality of the manuscript.This work was supported by Fatro Ibérica S.L