Effectiveness of Hierarchical Softmax in Large Scale Classification Tasks

Typically, Softmax is used in the final layer of a neural network to get a probability distribution for output classes. But the main problem with Softmax is that it is computationally expensive for large scale data sets with large number of possible outputs. To approximate class probability efficiently on such large scale data sets we can use Hierarchical Softmax. LSHTC datasets were used to study the performance of the Hierarchical Softmax. LSHTC datasets have large number of categories. In this paper we evaluate and report the performance of normal Softmax Vs Hierarchical Softmax on LSHTC datasets. This evaluation used macro f1 score as a performance measure. The observation was that the performance of Hierarchical Softmax degrades as the number of classes increase

ANALISIS PENGEMBANGAN THRESHER DAN COMBINE HARVESTER UNTUK PRODUKTIVITAS PADI DI KABUPATEN PIDIE

RINGKASANTanaman padi merupakan makanan pokok orang Indonesia dan merupakan komoditas pertanian yang menyumbang banyak pendapatan dalam neraca perdagangan Indonesia. Untuk mengupayakan meningkatkan produktivitas padi di Kabupaten Pidie di perlukan pengembangan alat dan mesin pertanian seperti Thresher dan Combine Harvester sehingga perputaran roda dalam budidaya padi lebih cepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan mengetahui pola perkembangan alat dan mesin berupa Thresher dan Combine Harvester di Kabupaten Pidie, Sehingga petani dapat menerapkan peggunaan teknologi baru berupa penggunaan Combine Harvester yang dapat menghemat tenaga kerja, biaya produksi dan kehilangan hasil gabah waktu panen dan pasca panen. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasi dengan melakukan wawancara 200 petani, 20 penyuluh dan kumpulan data yang diperoleh dari 2 (dua) instansi pemerintah yaitu: Biro Pusat Statistik (BPS) Kabupaten Pidie dan Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan Kabupaten Pidie. Dilakukan observasi secara langsung untuk mendata alat mesin Thresher dan Combine Harvester di lapangan. Parameter menunjukkan analisis SWOT untuk pengembangan Thresher dan Combine Harvester dari jangka waktu 2011 - 2016. Pengembangan Thresher dan Combine Harvester di Kabupaten Pidie Provinsi Aceh yang meliputi 8 Kecamatan yang terdiri dari 4 Kecamatan maju yaitu Kecamatan Mila, Padang Tiji, Sakti, Tangse dan 4 Kecamatan kurang maju yaitu: Kecamatan Batee, Grong Grong, Mutiara, Simpang Tiga.Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ketersediaan lahan menjadi salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas padi, semakin besar luas lahan semakin meningkatkan produksi padi, begitu juga sebaliknya semakin kecil luas lahan tingkat produksi padi semakin kecil. Oleh karena itu luas lahan sangat membantu meningkatkan produktivitas padi. Terdapat hubungan antara luas lahan pertanian dengan pengembangan Thresher dan Combine Harvester di sector pertanian, ketika luas lahan meningkat atau menurun Thresher dan Combine Harvester akan terus meningkat tiap tahunnya, luas lahan sawah dari tahun 2011 sampai 2016 tetap sama 29.779 Ha. Sedangkan jumlah Thresher 376 Unit, Combine Harvester 31 Unit. Menurut prsepsi masyarakat persentase penggunaan Thersher lebih banyak dari pada Combine Harvester yaitu 71% petani menggunakan Thresher, sebaliknya 29% petani menggunakan Combine Harvester. Biaya pemotongan dan perontokan menggunakan Thresher Rp.660.000, sedangkan biaya pemanenan menggunakan Combine Harvester Rp.600.000 dalam 1 Naleh lahan sawah

System Support for Managing Invalid Bindings

Context-aware adaptation is a central aspect of pervasive computing applications, enabling them to adapt and perform tasks based on contextual information. One of the aspects of context-aware adaptation is reconfiguration in which bindings are created between application component and remote services in order to realize new behaviour in response to contextual information. Various research efforts provide reconfiguration support and allow the development of adaptive context-aware applications from high-level specifications, but don't consider failure conditions that might arise during execution of such applications, making bindings between application and remote services invalid. To this end, we propose and implement our design approach to reconfiguration to manage invalid bindings. The development and modification of adaptive context-aware applications is a complex task, and an issue of an invalidity of bindings further complicates development efforts. To reduce the development efforts, our approach provides an application-transparent solution where the issue of the invalidity of bindings is handled by our system, Policy-Based Contextual Reconfiguration and Adaptation (PCRA), not by an application developer. In this paper, we present and describe our approach to managing invalid bindings and compare it with other approaches to this problem. We also provide performance evaluation of our approach

A proof-of-proximity framework for device pairing in ubiquitous computing environments

Ad hoc interactions between devices over wireless networks in ubiquitous computing environments present a security problem: the generation of shared secrets to initialize secure communication over a medium that is inherently vulnerable to various attacks. However, these ad hoc scenarios also offer the potential for physical security of spaces and the use of protocols in which users must visibly demonstrate their presence and/or involvement to generate an association. As a consequence, recently secure device pairing has had significant attention from a wide community of academic as well as industrial researchers and a plethora of schemes and protocols have been proposed, which use various forms of out-of-band exchange to form an association between two unassociated devices. These protocols and schemes have different strengths and weaknesses – often in hardware requirements, strength against various attacks or usability in particular scenarios. From ordinary user‟s point of view, the problem then becomes which to choose or which is the best possible scheme in a particular scenario. We advocate that in a world of modern heterogeneous devices and requirements, there is a need for mechanisms that allow automated selection of the best protocols without requiring the user to have an in-depth knowledge of the minutiae of the underlying technologies. Towards this, the main argument forming the basis of this dissertation is that the integration of a discovery mechanism and several pairing schemes into a single system is more efficient from a usability point of view as well as security point of view in terms of dynamic choice of pairing schemes. In pursuit of this, we have proposed a generic system for secure device pairing by demonstration of physical proximity. Our main contribution is the design and prototype implementation of Proof-of-Proximity framework along with a novel Co- Location protocol. Other contributions include a detailed analysis of existing device pairing schemes, a simple device discovery mechanism, a protocol selection mechanism that is used to find out the best possible scheme to demonstrate the physical proximity of the devices according to the scenario, and a usability study of eight pairing schemes and the proposed system

PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PRAKTIK: PEMBUATAN SABUN CUCI TANGAN SEBAGAI BENTUK KEMANDIRIAN DAN BERPIKIR KRITIS PESERTA DIDIK SD NEGERI 2 SEMANGKAK

Pembelajaran merupakan kegiatan yang terjadi dikarenakan adanya interaksi antara guru atau pengajar dengan peserta didik pada suatu lingkungan belajar. Banyak guru atau pendidik yang berlomba-lomba memberikan bermacam-macam jenis strategi pembelajaran yang kreatif yang menunjang suatu sistem kegiatan belajar dan mengajar di kelas. Dari banyaknya strategi pembelajaran yang ada, pembelajaran berbasis Praktik atau eksperimen diyakini dapat membuat level pemahaman peserta didik lebih optimal. Tujuan dari pengabdian ini adalah melakukan sebuah terobosan baru dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran yang ada di SD Negeri 2 Semangkak, Kabupaten Klaten, Jawa Tengah. Hal baru yang dibawa oleh penulis dan tim merupakan penggunaan sistem pembelajaran berbasis praktik atau eksperimen dapat membuka jalan untuk menjadi pribadi yang mandiri dan memiliki gaya berpikir yang kritis melalui kegiatan praktik membuat sabun cuci tangan

Reversible moisture damage in asphalt mixture

A moisture damage has been one of the major concerns for HMA pavement by loss of adhesion between asphalt binder and aggregate surface or loss of the cohesion within asphalt binder due to action of water. Water is the one of major contributor towards the damage of asphalt pavement. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effects of moisture damage toward the performance of asphalt mixture under different conditions (dry, wet and dry back). The specimens were conditioned in accordance to ASTM D4867 to achieve desire saturation level up to 80% and then immersed in water for different soaking period to simulate flooding scenario. Indirect Tensile strength and Resilient modulus tests were performed on moisture conditioned specimens at regular interval (1, 3 and 5 days). After 5 days testing specimens were stored at room temperature for another 5 days to dry and were tested again to determine the recoverability of moisture damage. The results from this study indicated that tensile strength and modulus gradually decreased with the increasing of conditioning period, and upon drying at certain period specimens recovered 82% and 76% of initial ITS and Resilient modulus respectively. The results suggested that moisture damage in asphalt mixture tested is reversible

Effectiveness of Tympanic Thermometry for diagnosing Acute Otitis Media

Background: Acute Otitis Media (AOM) is a common upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in children and usually presents with fever and otalgia. AOM is characterized by congested tympanic membrane and possible increase in temperature, which might be picked up by infrared tympanic thermometry. The objective of this study was to compare the temperature difference of tympanic membrane of affected ear with the unaffected ear and axilla in unilateral acute otitis media, and compare it with the control group.Material and Methods: This case control study comprised of 200 cases of both genders, aged up to 5 years. They were divided into two groups; Group A included 100 clinically diagnosed cases of acute otitis media (AOM), who reported in the ENT Outpatient Department (OPD) and Group B included 100 controls who presented in General Filter Clinic with no ear complaints. Cases with chronic ear disease, ear discharge, and use of local drugs including ear drops, impacted ear wax, tragal tenderness and congenital malformations of the ear were excluded by taking a detailed history. Clinical examination including otoscopy by an expert was done before subjecting patients to axillary and tympanic thermometry measurements and data recording. Data was collected and tabulated using Microsoft Excel Worksheet and analyzed by SPSS 16. Qualitative data like gender were presented as percentage and ratio, while means and standard deviation were calculated for the quantitative data. Difference between the means of experimental and control groups were analyzed by independent sample t-test and P value of less than or equal to 0.05 was taken as significant.Results: This study included 100 cases of unilateral AOM and 100 normal controls without AOM. In patients with AOM, the mean temperature difference between the affected ear and axilla was 1.41ºF as compared to 0.075ºF in controls (p=0.026). While the mean temperature difference between the affected ear and other ear was 0.65ºF as compared to 0.19ºF in controls (p=0.069).Conclusion: In acute otitis media, the temperature of affected ear is significantly higher than axilla but was not significantly higher than the other ear. The finding may help establish thermometry as a diagnostic tool in clinics manned by doctors not competent to do otoscopy

TRANSAKSI JUAL BELI ONLINE PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM

AbstractThis article discusses buying and selling online from the perspective of Islamic law. This is important to discuss because seeing the proliferation of online buying and selling systems in the present, there needs to be a special study related to this. Because also buying online is likely to have gharar elements in it while gharar in Islam is prohibited because of the uncertainty of the goods to be bought and sold. The results of this study indicate that the systems used in online buying and selling are called Dropshipping and Reselling, in terms of the application of online buying and selling between bai 'al-ma'dum and bai salam if linked in bai' al-ma'dum online buying and selling is prohibited. its application is because the object of the goods being traded is unclear and contains gharar elements while inline buying and selling with the application of bai salam is allowed because of the guarantee to bring goods in accordance with the agreed time. If viewed from the perspective of Islamic law, buying and selling online is allowed as long as there is no argument against it and it is in accordance with the provisions of the Sharia in buying and selling. Where the seller and the buyer are consensual and mutually willing. Besides that, the seller and the buyer are open to each other regarding information on goods and their prices so that there is no gharar element in them. This buying and selling is legally permissible because it is almost the same as the salam contract and the scholars agree that the sale and purchase of greetings is permissible.Keywords: Buying and Selling; Gharar; Islamic Law.AbstrakArtikel ini membahas mengenai jual beli online perspektif hukum Islam. Hal ini penting untuk dibahas karena melihat maraknya sistem jual beli online di masa sekarang sehingga perlu ada pengkajian khusus terkait hal ini. Karena jual beli online berpotensi besar terdapat unsur gharar di dalamnya. Sedangkan gharar  dalam Islam dilarang karena adanya ketidakpastian terhadap barang yang akan diperjual belikan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sitem yang digunakan dalam jual beli online disebut dengan Dropshipping dan Reselling, dilihat dari segi penerapan jual beli online antara bai’ al-ma’dum dan bai salam jika dikaitkan dalam jual beli online bai’ al-ma’dum dilarang penerapannya karena objek barang yang diperjual belikan tidak jelas adanya dan mengandung unsur gharar. Sedangkan jual beli online dengan penerapan bai salam dibolehkan karena adanya jaminan mendatangkan barang sesuai dengan waktu yang disepakati. Jika ditinjau dari perspektif hukum Islam, jual beli online ini dibolehkan selama tidak ada dalil yang melarangnya dan sesuai ketentuan syariat dalam jual beli. Dimana antara penjual dan pembeli berlaku antara suka sama suka dan saling rela. Selain itu, antara penjual dan pembeli saling terbuka mengenai informasi barang dan harganya sehingga tidak ada unsur gharar di dalamnya. Jual beli ini dibolehkan hukumnya karena hampir sama dengan akad salam dan para ulama menyepakati bahwa jual beli salam itu dibolehhkan.Kata Kunci: Jual beli; Gharar; Hukum Islam

التحليل الصوتي في المهارة الكلام باللغة العربية في المعهد دار الحكمة للطلاب رجاباسا باندار لامبونج

ملخص ىذا البصث يقلم يبدراسة حتليل الوليت يف مهار ة المالم يباللغة العريبية مدرسة للطالب دار احلممة يف رجايباسا، يباندار المبلنج. مت التشا أ يبع الطالب يركمبل سلطاؤو يف نطق حرو اذلجاءية، يبشمل خاص يف نطق جلانب سلار ج احلرو . وإذا مل يت كوصيح ىذه األخطاء، سيمل لو كأثري سليب لل نطق سلارج احلرو ، شلا يددى إىل لدم وصل الرسالة ادلرادة لتصيري منها. احلر من ىاذ حبث ىل حتليل أشما أخطاء طالب مدرسة دار احلممة يف رلا الولكيات، وللامل كسبب األخطاء يف يباللغة العريبية، وصياغة حالً لتوصيح القراءة، واجلهلد ادلبذولة لتقليل المالم األخطاء يف مهارات المالم األخطاء الولكية يف مهار ة التصدث يباللغة العريبية. ىذا البصث ىل دراسة وصفية نلليو يباستصدام منهج التصليل األخطاء اللغة. مت احلول لل البيانات يف ىذا البصث من خال كقنيات ادلقايبلة وادلشاىدة احلرة يف كقنية ادلراقبة. مت إجراء ادلقايبلة مع مدرس لغة ًض لريبية و 01 ا أنو يف شلارسة مهارات طالب من مدرسة دار احلممة للطالب. أظهرت نتائج ادلراقبة أي التصدث يباللغة العريبية، كظهر أخطاء صلكية يف شمل احلرو ، مثل أخطاء يف نطق احلرو الرقيقة أو احلرو الثقيلة، واستبدا األصلات اليت كمل ذلا نفس النقاط االصطفافية، وحذ األصلات اليت كعمل لصرو مد. أما األخطاء يف شمل الملمات والعبارات، فتنقس إىل أخطاء استبدا وأخطاء حذ . نتائج البصث اليت قاميو الباحث يبشأ أخطاء الولكيات يف اللغة العريبية يف مدرسة دار احلممة للطالب ميمن كستنتج منها أ ىناك أخطاء يف المالم يباللغة العريبية. وكظهر ىذه األخطاء يف شمل كغيريات يف األصلات الولكية أثناء المالم يباللغة العريبية من قبل طالب مدرسة دار احلممة. كشمل ىذه األخط من احلرو الثقيلة )ثقيلة( أو العمس. لل اء استخدام أصلات صلكية رقيقة )خفيفة( يبدالً سبيل ادلثا : استخدام الولت /ض/ يبدالً من الولت /د/، استخدام الولت /ع/ يبدالً من الولت /أ/، وىمذا. استبدا األصلات اليت كتشايبو يف مما التشميل. لل سبيل ادلثا : استخدام الولت ص/ يبدالً لدم القدرة من الولت /س/، استخدام الولت /ث/ يبدالً / من الولت /س/، وىمذا. لل نطق يبع األصلات يبسبب إلاقة. لل سبيل ادلثا ، لدم قدرة األشخاص الذين يعانل من إلاقة لل نطق احلر "ر".حذ أصلات احلرو ادلدية مثل األلف والياء. وكأيت ىذه األخطاء نتيجة للامل لدة كدثر لل كملينها، مبا يف ذلك: جلدة ادللاد التعليمية غري ادللهمة. صعليبة التليز لدى الطالب أثناء الدروس. االلتقاد السائد يبأ اللغة العريبية ىي لغة صعبة للتعل . كأثري اللغة احمليطة ومما اإلقامة. نقص االىتمام والدافع لدى الطالب لتعل اللغة العريبية. الكلمات المفتاحية : تحليل صوتي، مهار ة الكالم، اللغة العربية

The relationship among job characteristics organizational commitment and employee turnover intentions: A reciprocation perspective

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the underlying reciprocity mechanism which governs the relationship between employer and employee at their workplaces in a perspective whereby intrinsic and extrinsic factors of job satisfaction are considered as proxy to organizational offerings, while multi overall job satisfaction and dimensional organizational commitment as employee’ attitudinal reaction to the organizational offerings. Under the aforementioned notion, the present study intends to examine the influence of job characteristics on employees’ attitudes, such as, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and employee’ turnover intentions as psychological response to job characteristics. In a way, the study attempts to insight into how employee’ reciprocate to the perceived obligation toward its organization. The study also aims to supplement the empirical evidence about the competing power of intrinsic and extrinsic factors of job in determining the job satisfaction. Although various studies exhibit positive relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment has been consistently reported. However, for the managerial implication, the identification of employee physiological and psychological needs to gauge the understanding of mechanism by which of employee’ reacts to its environment and develop attitude toward their job and organization is imperative. In this context, this study makes a humble attempt to clear the relationships in the perspective of reciprocation between organization and its employees. Thus, this study attempts to illustrate how feeling a need to reciprocate, those who experienced strong satisfaction with job characteristics appear to have had a sense of moral duty to the organization can be helpful in understanding the processes by which organizational inducements exert their influence on other employee attitudes and behaviors. Evidently, while the link between employees’ satisfaction with their job and high organizational commitment, on the one hand, and low intentions to leave on the other is fairly straightforward, yet there in need to study these variables as exogenous and endogenous to inquire about their causation. Also, the available present literature on the understudy concern genuinely lacks adequate empirical material about the competing power of intrinsic and extrinsic factors of job in determining the job satisfaction as such some author hold that intrinsic characteristic of job better predict job satisfaction while as another set of behavioral scientists found extrinsic job characteristics as prime determinant of job satisfaction compare to the intrinsic worth of their jobs. The present study was conducted in the state of depressed economy where unemployment rate is as high as 194 percent it was found interesting to investigate the about the competing power of intrinsic and extrinsic factors of job in determining the job satisfaction. The present study also attempts to supplement the empirical evidence in this direction. Design/methodology/approach - Since the study use the tenets of situational theories of employee’ attitude which assume that employee’ attitude results from the psychological evaluation of one’s job characteristics or other aspects of the environment in the organization; therefore, the study integrates the job characteristics as the organizational offerings to its employee and employees attitude like job satisfaction, organizational commitment and employee’ turnover intentions as reciprocity reaction to the organizational offerings. The structural equation model was used to frames the intricacy job characteristics, job satisfaction and organizational commitment and employee turnover intentions. Ten job characteristics were identified with which employees experience at the workplace as organizational offerings. These include salary, recognition, co-workers, supervision, organizational policies, promotion, working condition, task requirement, job security and nature of work. Subsequently, these identified facets were divided into intrinsic and extrinsic factors of job satisfaction, and were considering as proxy to the organizational offerings to its employees. These job characteristics were identified during in-depth interviews and discussions with the respondents, while overall job satisfaction, organizational commitment and employees’ turnover intentions were considered as employee’s psychological reactions to the organizational offerings. The sample consists of 654 hospital employees, working at the different hospital across state. In order to ensure the representation of the entire human capital, employees working under different levels of occupational status and different sectors of economy were included in the for the purpose of data collection. The number of employees from each hospital has been selected through proportionate method. Employees from each hospital were selected on the basis of the chit method. Measurement tools Questionnaire method was used to collect the data for the present study. A five-point likert type scale was used for the sake of maintaining uniformity in measuring the variables. All the variables were measured with multiple-item scales, questionnaire item used to measure different constructs in this study are derived from the previously established studies. As such, multidimensional organizational commitment construct was measured using items drawn from Meyer and Allen (1991) scale. Job characteristics and employee’ turnover intentions scale was adapted from the study conducted by Ali Muhammad et al. (2008). The instrument used for the present study has universal application. Therefore the results thus produce are of universal significance. The reliability and validity of measurement tools for the study was established by the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Findings - The findings from the study reveal employees’ subjective evaluation to the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of job contribute to the formation of their reciprocal perspective of psychological attitude toward its job and organization characterized as their job satisfaction and organizational commitment. As such, better evaluation of job content and job context by the employees leads to the sense of obligation and commitment toward the organization, hence reduces their intentions to discord organizational membership. The findings also reveal that employees tend to incline their job satisfaction more toward the extrinsic worth of job than the intrinsic worth. While as both, job satisfaction and organizational commitment, explains relatively equal variation in the employees’ turnover intentions. The relatively strong correlation of extrinsic characteristics of job could be attributed to the fact that professionals generally have limited control over extrinsic factors and have high degree of control over intrinsic elements. Therefore, their perceptions of the job are particularly dependent on the degree of satisfaction with the extrinsic factors (Pearson and Seiler, 1983). Originality/value - Although there are various studies manifested the relationship between job satisfaction, organizational commitment and employee turnover intentions, for all that, the present work is an attempt to deem these relationships in a different panorama to bring more insight in the subject of organizational behavior. In this study, the relationship among the job characteristics, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and employee’ turnover intentions were considered in a perspective of reciprocity norms. The study opens new horizons to the researchers across the globe, whereby organizational and job characteristics are considered as catalyst for the employee’ attitude and can be study and analyze in a functional relationship model. A new regime of paradigm may investigate the functional relationship between employer offerings as an input and employee attitudes as an output, with more emphasis on the organizational equilibrium. Hence, study encompass the managerial implication by gauging the understanding of mechanism by which of employee’ reacts to the workplace environment and develop attitude toward their job and organization. In this way, the propositions expatiated in the present work improves the understanding for the implications of various motivational theories, different organizational theories and human resource management models. Moreover, this work substantiates and provides insight about the competing power of intrinsic and extrinsic job factors on job satisfaction and opens debate for the generalization of Herzberg’s motivation theory