Acceleration of protons by interplanetary shocks

Acceleration of protons by interplanetary shock

Master of Science

thesisThe Wasatch Mountains are a unique place to study deposition of ions in snow because of proximity to Salt Lake City, UT, home to 1.1 million people, and Great Salt Lake, the world' fourth largest closed-basin saline lake. Prior study at low elevations of the Wasatch Mountains and in Salt Lake City indicates very high deposition (>1 mmol L-1) of chloride nitrate, sulfate, sodium and calcium ions in snow and rime during winter temperature inversions. At peak snowpack, concentrations (?eq L-1) and ecosystem loading (meq m-2) of major ion species (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, H+, NH4+, Na+, Mg2+, K+, and Ca2+) were measured at five sites in 2008 and 16 sites in 2009 in the Wasatch Mountains. Concentrations and loading of these ion species in snow were up to an order of magnitude higher than previously observed and were likely derived from salts that precipitated from Great Salt Lake as its elevation decreased. Great Salt Lake has very high salinity dominated by concentrations of chloride, sulfate, sodium and magnesium. Moderately strong correlations existed between concentrations of these ions in snow and distance from Great Salt Lake, suggesting it as a major source of ion deposition in the Wasatch Mountains. Concentrations and ecosystem loading of nitrate in snow were lower than expected, but total winter inorganic nitrogen deposition (NO3- and NH4+) was similar to observations at Niwot Ridge in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. In general, concentrations of ions in snow decreased with elevation while ecosystem loading of ions increased with elevation due to greater snow accumulation

Interplanetary energetic particle diffusion coefficient determination using random walk from shock waves

Interplanetary energetic particle diffusion coefficient determination using random walk from shock wave

Selective posterior lumbosacral rhizotomy for the management ofcerebral palsy spasticity A 10-year experience

One hundred and sixty-eight patients had selective lumbosacral posterior rhizotomies for the treatment of cerebral palsy spasticity at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and Groote Schuur Hospital during the 10-year period 1981 - 1991. There was no mortality and insignificant early postoperative morbidity. Long-term follow-up on 110 patients has revealed satisfactory tone reduction in 95% of cases. The majority showed improvement in standing, sitting and locomotion. Thirteen patients had minor persistent sensory disturbances and 20% have developed asymptomatic spondylolysis or grade I spondylolisthesis. Most therapists, patients and parents remain enthusiastic about the results ofthis procedure

The isotopic composition of cosmic rays with 5 is less than or equal to z which is less than or equal to 26

Results obtained from a high altitude balloon flight from Thompson, Canada in August, 1973 are reported. The instrument consisted of a spark chamber, a Lucite Gerenkov counter and thirteen layers of scintillators. For heavy particles the Cerenkov-range method of analysis was used to determine the mass of particles energetic enough to produce a Cerenkov signal and then stop in the layered scintillators. The data appear to be consistent with current cosmic-ray propagation models. Using a simple exponential path length propagation model this data is extrapolated to the cosmic-ray source and some implications of the data are discussed as to the nature of the source

Development of Sequence Tagged Microsatellite Site (STMS) markers in Azalea

A genomic library was constructed from DNA of two azalea genotypes: a Belgian pot azalea R. simsii hybrid Mevr. Van Belle and a Chinese R. simsii from Daoxian. An enrichment of microsatellite containing sequences was performed as in Van de Wiel et al. (1999). Fragments were sequenced and primers were designed that allow the amplification of the microsatellite repeat. About 220 microsatellite containing clones were selected from the enrichment procedure. Mainly dinucleotide repeats and some trinucleotide repeats were found. The selected primers were tested in a small set of reference varieties to check their value (specificity and polymorphic rate) and to set up the PCR-conditions. Five primer pairs have been tested, two of them gave a specific and polymorphic pattern. They were further screened by radioactive PCR on a selection of 5 plants from the azalea breeders gene pool which included the two genotypes used library construction. These 2 STMS markers uniquely identified the 5 plants

Natural hybridization between Populus nigra L. and P. x canadensis Moench. Hybrid offspring competes for niches along the Rhine river in the Netherlands

Black poplar (Populus nigra L.) is a major species for European riparian forests but its abundance has decreased over the decades due to human influences. For restoration of floodplain woodlands, the remaining black poplar stands may act as source population. A potential problem is that P. nigra and Populus deltoides have contributed to many interspecific hybrids, which have been planted in large numbers. As these Populus x canadensis clones have the possibility to intercross with wild P. nigra trees, their offspring could establish themselves along European rivers. In this study, we have sampled 44 poplar seedlings and young trees that occurred spontaneously along the Rhine river and its tributaries in the Netherlands. Along these rivers, only a few native P. nigra L. populations exist in combination with many planted cultivated P. x canadensis trees. By comparison to reference material from P. nigra, P. deltoides and P. x canadensis, species-specific AFLP bands and microsatellite alleles indicated that nearly half of the sampled trees were not pure P. nigra but progeny of natural hybridisation that had colonised the Rhine river banks. The posterior probability method as implemented in NewHybrids using microsatellite data was the superior method in establishing the most likely parentage. The results of this study indicate that offspring of hybrid cultivated poplars compete for the same ecological niche as native black poplars

Stable seminorms revisited

A seminorm S on an algebra A is called stable if for some constant σ > 0 , S(x^k) ≤ σS(x)^k for all x ∈ A and all k = 1, 2, 3,.... We call S strongly stable if the above holds with σ = 1 . In this note we use several known and new results to shed light on the concepts of stability. In particular, the interrelation between stability and similar ideas is discussed