Risk Factors of Blood Lead Level

Background: Lead is a heavy metal which is very dangerous in body. A Lead exposing continuously to somebody will have accumulative effect. This study aim was to elaborate risk factors of lead in blood. Method : This was a literature review from some journals and books. Result: Environment is major factor in affecting to someone lead intake. Age, sex, nutrition level will also affect to someone blood level in supporting to absorb and metabolism of lead in body. Then, someone behavior such as smoking is also as an enabling factor to have more lead level. Conclusion: Therefore, modification of environment or environment improvement to decrease air lead level will significantly decrease lead exposure. Preventing program such as supplement to those have exposed by lead continuously should be implemented to reduce or to eliminate lead level in blood

Determinan ISPA pada anak usia sekolah di Prabumulih

Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut atau ISPA masih menjadi permasalahan utama bagi anak –anak dengan usia 10-12 tahun di Prabumulih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor risiko dengan kejadian ISPA pada anak usia 10-12 tahun di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Prabumulih Barat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. Lokasi penelitian di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Prabumulih Barat. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh rumah tangga yang memiliki anak usia 10-12 tahun di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Prabumulih Barat. Teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu teknik purposive sampling. Analisa data yaitu menggunakan analisis univariat, bivariat (uji Chi-square) dan multivariat. Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan ada hubungan antara jenis dinding (p-value= 0,031), jenis atap (p-value= 0,006), kelembaban (p-value= 0,002), suhu (p-value= 0,029) dan kepadatan hunian (p-value= 0,018) dengan kejadian ISPA. Untuk variabel lainnya, tidak ada hubungan antara pencahayaan alami (p-value= 0,776), jenis lantai (p-value= 0,872) dan luas ventilasi (p-value= 0,832) dengan kejadian ISPA. Hasil analisis multivariat yaitu variabel yang paling dominan berpengaruh terhadap kejadian ISPA adalah jenis atap setelah dikontrol dengan variabel luas ventilasi, jenis dinding, suhu, kelembaban dan kepadatan hunian. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara jenis dinding, jenis atap, kelembaban, suhu dan kepadatan hunian dengan kejadian ISPA. Faktor yang paling dominan terhadap kejadian ISPA adalah jenis atap. Disarankan untuk masyarakat agar membuka jendela setiap hari di pagi hari untuk menjaga keseimbangan sirkulasi udara dan kelembaban di udara agar dapat tetap stabil

Exploring Pneumonia Risk Factors in Slum and Non-Slum Areas

Background: Pneumonia remains a health concern that is the most significant contributor to the mortality of children under five years old in the world. The environment and immunization history, exclusive breastfeeding, and nutritional status become risk factors for children's pneumonia. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for pneumonia in infants in the slum and non-slum areas of Palembang City. Methods: This study used a case-control study design. This population study was all children under five years old who lived in the slum and non-slum Areas of Palembang City. The sample in this study was 84 samples with a ratio of 1:1. Analysis data used univariate and bivariate with chi-square. Results: This study found that in slums showed 5 independent variables related to the incidence of pneumonia in children under five years old, those variables were immunization status (OR=5.2; CI 95%= 1.367-19.774), exclusive breastfeeding (OR= 5.667; CI 95%= 1.411-22.761), humidity (OR= 7.125; CI 95%= 1.309-38.771), ventilation area (OR= 5.2; CI 95%= 1.367-19.774) and occupancy density (OR= 6,9; CI 95%= 1,702-28,026). Whereas in the slums areas, there was a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding (OR= 8; CI 95%= 1.790-35.774), nutritional status(OR= 5.67; CI 95%= 1.411-22.761), humidity (OR= 6.9; CI 95%= 1.702-28.026), and exposure to cigarette smoke (OR= 5.4; CI 95%= 1.226-24.261) with the case of pneumonia in children under five years old. Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding and humidity are risk factors for pneumonia in children under five years old in the slum and non-slum areas of Palembang City

Faktor Risiko Lingkungan Rumah terhadap Keberadaan Jentik Nyamuk di Lubuk Linggau Timur I

Background: The existence of Aedes sp. is an indicator of the presence of a population of Aedes sp. environmental conditions also greatly affect the incidence of dengue disease, it is also related to the presence of larvae. Citra Medika Health center’s working area is a contributor of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) incidence with increased DHF cased from 2016-2018. Objective: to analyze the relationship between environmental conditions and the presence of Aedes sp. in the Citra Medika Health Center, Lubuk Linggau Timur District 1 in 2020. Methods: It was quantitative research with a cross-sectional design approach. The total sample was 91 respondents, who have met predetermined criteria using the purposive sampling technique, with inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. The data used in this study are secondary data from Citra Medika Health Center and primary data obtained from interviews and direct observation. Result: It showed that there was a relationship between the implementation of Mosquito Breeding Eradication (p-value 0,047) and the presence of solid waste (p-value 0.039) with the presence of Aedes sp. larvae. Conclusion: This study concludes that the presence of Aedes sp. larvae are caused by factors such as the implementation of Mosquito breeding Eradication DBD and the presence of solid waste.Background: The existence of Aedes sp. is an indicator of the presence of a population of Aedes sp. environmental conditions also greatly affect the incidence of dengue disease, it is also related to the presence of larvae. Citra Medika Health center’s working area is a contributor of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) incidence with increased DHF cased from 2016-2018. Objective: to analyze the relationship between environmental conditions and the presence of Aedes sp. in the Citra Medika Health Center, Lubuk Linggau Timur District 1 in 2020. Methods: It was quantitative research with a cross-sectional design approach. The total sample was 91 respondents, who have met predetermined criteria using the purposive sampling technique, with inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. The data used in this study are secondary data from Citra Medika Health Center and primary data obtained from interviews and direct observation. Result: It showed that there was a relationship between the implementation of Mosquito Breeding Eradication (p-value 0,047) and the presence of solid waste (p-value 0.039) with the presence of Aedes sp. larvae. Conclusion: This study concludes that the presence of Aedes sp. larvae are caused by factors such as the implementation of Mosquito breeding Eradication DBD and the presence of solid waste

Analysis of Cohb Level in Blood Contribution on the Lung Function Capacity to Potters at Yogyakarta Giwangan Terminal

Yogyakarta is a capital city of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, educational, tourism and industry city. This condition probably makes citizen increase and it can also increase urbanization to Yogyakarta. Citizen increasing causes the vehicle volume increased and it can make quality of air decrease. Main source of pollutant comes from transportation and one of them is carbon monoxide. Potter in Giwangan terminal were respondents in this study which were in high risk to be exposed by transportation emission which had carbon monoxide because their activity that always stay in terminal for long time. This study aim was prevent risk of lung capacity decreasing caused by carbon monoxide to potters at Yogyakarta Giwangan terminal. This study was observational study with cross sectional design. Study Population was all potters at Yogyakarta Giwangan terminal with sample large were 33 samples (population total). Data analysis used spearman correlation test and fisher‘s continued logistic regression. The results of this study showed that 30.3% of respondents had the abnormal lung function capacity (lung problems) and 69.7% of respondents had normal lung function capacity. The results of bivariate analysis between age, nutritional status, use of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) and disease history were not associated with lung function capacity (p-value> 0.05) and there was associated between the period of employment, smoking habit, and exercise habits with a capacity of lung function (p-value <0.05). Multivariate test results indicated that COHb levels did not contribute to the capacity of lung function and smoking was the most influencing variable to capacity of lung function with odds ratio value (OR) as many as 16.37. COHb levels did not contribute the capacity of lung function and smoking habit was the most factors which influence than others.

Association Between Housing Sanitation with the Axistence of Aedes SP. Larvae in Working Area of Public Health Center of Kutaraya Kayu Agung

Background: The problems lies not in spite of the sanitary residence neighborhood into a place or source of sanitation issues. The sanitation problems as the density of larvae that are in the environment around the house. The aim of this study was to analyze association between housing sanitation with the axistence of Aedes sp. larvae in working area of Public Health Center of Kutaraya, Kayu Agung. Method: This study used a cross-sectional design, this study population was a entire house or building which is located in Public Health Center of Kutaraya. The sample amounted to 101 homes and buildings calculated with formula hypothesis test two proportions. Sampling by cluster random sampling technique. The collecting data used questionnaires and checklist. Data analysis was univariate, bivariate analysis using chi square test and Fisher Exact.Result: Data analysis was perfomend by bivariate was a correlation between the presence of second-hand goods with larvae density ρ-value (0.001), the presence of water tanks/containers with larvae density by ρ-value (0.000) and there was a correlation between the presence of clothing hanging at a density larvae Aedes sp. with ρ-value (0.002). DF value at level 6 and 7, HI 43% and BI 72%.Conclusion: Variables related to the density of larvae Aedes sp. namely the existence of thrift, the presence of water tanks/containers and the existence of clothes hanging. We recommend to research include keeping and attention environmental sanitation in order to avoid transmitting dengue mosquito breeding sites so as to reduce the number population mosquitoes

Community Sanitation Risk Assessment of Tanjung Raja Village: A Rural Slum Study

Background: Areas with high sanitation risks have the potential to transmit infectious diseases. Meanwhile, Tanjung Raja Village is an area with a high level of slums and frequent flooding, so it has the potential to have sanitation risks. This study aimed to assess sanitation risk in Tanjung Raja village. Method: This was a quantitative study using the Environmental Sanitation Risk Assessment method. The study sample was all households in Neighborhood III of Tanjung Raja Village as many as 115 respondents using Simple Random Sampling. Results: The sanitation risk assessment of Tanjung Raja Village had a scoring category in RT 5 with high-risk results (score 3) and in RT 6 with fewer risk results (score 1) and Environmental health risks obtained related to sanitation included clean water, ownership of latrines, ownership of household waste bins, and wastewater disposal facilities. Conclusion: Tanjung Raja village has the potential to have a high sanitation risk with densely populated areas and flooded areas

Analysis of Driver's Behaviour Toward Vehicle Emission Test as Air Pollution Prevention in Palembang

Background: Air pollution problem gets worse recently. It comes from industries, transportation and daily household activities. Transportation gas exhaust contributes 70% to pollute the air and emission exahaust is influenced by some factors and one of them is driver's behaviour in driving and caring the vehicle.Method: It was analytic study using cross sectional approachment. Study sample were 80 bus drivers who worked around Palembang and have ever got information about vehicle emission test. The data was obtained through interviews by accidental sampling. The data was analyzed by using univariat and chi-square for bivariat. This study analyzed driver's behavior toward vehicle emission test that was influenced by independent variables are attitude, knowledge, age, income, education level, information source.Result: Almost half of respondents had bad behavior toward vehicle emission test. Others had conducted emission test for fulfilling the procedure. The result showed that a significant relation was found between behaviours with age (p=0,000), length of work (p=0,000), income (p=0,000), knowledge (p=0,000) and attitude (p=0,009) but no significant relation between behaviours with education (p=0,085) and information source (p=0,06).Conclusion: Most of bus driver's did emission test because it was one of procedure in vechile proper test not because they know why it is important to do. So that, the researcher suggests Palembang government to maximalize the campaign and law enforcement of vehicle emission test

Pola Pertambahan Berat Badan Bayi Berdasarkan Status Menyusui Eksklusif dan Non-Eksklusif

Exclusive breastfeeding is one of the foods that is very important for babies to support the optimal processof growth and development during the first 6 months.However, less than 70% of babies who get exclusive breastfeedingin Palembang. The study aimed to assess the pattern of infants weight gain among exclusive and nonexclusivebreastfed babies. Cross sectional design was used in this study. Samples were mother’s who have babiesaged 7-12 months in Seberang Ulu I Subdistrict, Palembang. Inclusion criteria were the last child/ first child, birthweight more than 2500 grams and mothers willing to be a respondent and babies with multiple births being exclusioncriteria. The sampling technique used Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling. Independent T-Test showedthat there was mean difference of weight gain in exclusively breastfed infants and non-exclusively breastfed infatns(Mean Difference: 433,63 gram; 95% CI: 27,8 to 839,4 grams). Conclusion was that exclusively breastfed infantshad higher average weight gain than non-exclusively breastfed infants. Therefore, husband’s supportwas neededto providing motivation for mothers to exclusively breastfed until 6 months later