Enfermedad de Alzheimer

RESUMEN La Enfermedad de Alzheimer es la demencia primaria más común en el mundo y Colombia no escapa a ella. Tenemos herramientas diagnósticas clínicas y para-clínicas útiles para su diagnóstico y el diagnóstico diferencial. Han pasado casi 100 años desde que Alois Alzheimer describiera la enfermedad que lleva su nombre y la identificación de los cuerpos seniles y los ovillos neurofibrilares en el cerebro atrófico de su paciente. El aporte de la biología molecular ha llevado a la identificación del amiloide como la proteína característica de los cuerpos seniles y de la proteína tau en los ovillos neurofibrilares. La secuencia molecular de la formación de estas dos proteínas permitirá elaborar estrategias terapéuticas más racionales. El ensayo inicial de una vacuna así lo demuestra. La neuroquímica ha contribuido con el desarrollo de medicamentos, disponibles en nuestro país, que contribuyen a mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes y de sus cuidadores, lo mismo que de enlentecer en algunos casos su progresión. Es importante el reconocimiento temprano de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer para facilitar un tratamiento racional. Palabras clave:Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Donepezil. Rivastigmina. Galantamina. Memantina. ABSTRACT The Alzheimer's Disease is the primary dementia more common en the World including Colombia. We have useful para-clinical and clinical diagnostic tools for its diagnosis and the differential diagnosis. Has been passed almost 100 years since Alois Alzheimer described the disease that have his name and the identification of the senile bodies and neurofibrillay tangles in the atrophic brain of his patient. The contribution of the molecular biology has carried to the amyloid identification as the characteristic protein of the senile bodies and the tau protein of the neurofibrillary tangles. The molecular sequence of the formation of these two proteins will permit design therapeutic strategies more rationale. The initial trial of a vaccine thus showed it. The neurochemistry has contributed also with de development of medicaments, available in our country, that improve the patient's life quality and their caregivers, and also may decrease in some cases its progression. It is important the early recognition of the Alzheimer's Disease in order to facilitate a rational treatment. Key Words: Alzheimer's Disease. Donepezil. Rivastigmine. Galantamine. Memantine

Demencia: La epidemia silenciosa del III Milenio

RESUMENLas demencias son enfermedades con una prevalencia creciente dado el envejecimiento paulatino de la población. En Colombia los estudios de neuroepidemiología de campo señalan que la prevalencia de la demencia en personas mayores de 50 años es de 1.31% y en mayores de 70 años, de 3.04%.Un reciente estudio en Piedecuesta, Santander, mostró una prevalencia de demencia de 4.3% en individuos mayores de 50 años, de 9.1% en mayores de 70 años y de 35.5% en mayores de 85 años. Es importante el conocer su clasificación, aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos dada la amplia gama de afecciones que pueden llevar al deterioro cognitivo. La Alteración Cognitiva Leve y la Alteración Cognitiva Vascular son los estadios iniciales hacia el desarrollo de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer y de la Demencia Vascular respectivamente y por ello es muy importante su precoz diagnóstico, lo mismo la de los factores de riesgo inherentes a estas últimas para identificar individuos propensos y trazar estrategias preventivas y de intervención farmacológica. Además, surgen ya factores de protección que pueden beneficiar a los individuos a riesgo y a los familiares de los pacientes. Consideramos que estos aspectos generales son de utilidad para los médicos y para otros profesionales implicados en el área de los desórdenes cognitivos.  Palabras claves: Demencia, Enfermedad de Alzheimer, Demencia Vascular, Neuroepidemiología. ABSTRACT The dementia are disease with a growing prevalence due to the progressive senility of the population. In Colombia the field neuroepidemiological studies point out that the dementia prevalence in people fifty year age older is 1.31% and in seventy year age older is 3.04%. A recent study in Piedecuesta, Santander, showed a dementia prevalence of 4.3% in fifty years age older individual, of 91% in seventy years age older and of 35.5% in eighty five ages older. It is important to know their classification and also the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects because there are an extensive variety of conditions that may produce cognitive impairment. The Minimal Cognitive Impairment and the Vascular Cognitive Impairment are the initial steps toward the development of Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia respectively, and for that it is very important their early diagnosis, the same that the identification of the risk factors inherent to these diseases in order to find individuals at risk and to plan preventive strategies and pharmacologic intervention. Besides, appear already protection factors that may benefit to this individual at risk an also to the relatives of the patients. We consider that all these general aspects are useful for the physician and for others professionals implicated in the field of cognitive disorders.  Key words: Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular Dementia, Neuroepidemiology

Demencia: La epidemia silenciosa del III Milenio

RESUMENLas demencias son enfermedades con una prevalencia creciente dado el envejecimiento paulatino de la población. En Colombia los estudios de neuroepidemiología de campo señalan que la prevalencia de la demencia en personas mayores de 50 años es de 1.31% y en mayores de 70 años, de 3.04%.Un reciente estudio en Piedecuesta, Santander, mostró una prevalencia de demencia de 4.3% en individuos mayores de 50 años, de 9.1% en mayores de 70 años y de 35.5% en mayores de 85 años. Es importante el conocer su clasificación, aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos dada la amplia gama de afecciones que pueden llevar al deterioro cognitivo. La Alteración Cognitiva Leve y la Alteración Cognitiva Vascular son los estadios iniciales hacia el desarrollo de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer y de la Demencia Vascular respectivamente y por ello es muy importante su precoz diagnóstico, lo mismo la de los factores de riesgo inherentes a estas últimas para identificar individuos propensos y trazar estrategias preventivas y de intervención farmacológica. Además, surgen ya factores de protección que pueden beneficiar a los individuos a riesgo y a los familiares de los pacientes. Consideramos que estos aspectos generales son de utilidad para los médicos y para otros profesionales implicados en el área de los desórdenes cognitivos.  Palabras claves: Demencia, Enfermedad de Alzheimer, Demencia Vascular, Neuroepidemiología. ABSTRACT The dementia are disease with a growing prevalence due to the progressive senility of the population. In Colombia the field neuroepidemiological studies point out that the dementia prevalence in people fifty year age older is 1.31% and in seventy year age older is 3.04%. A recent study in Piedecuesta, Santander, showed a dementia prevalence of 4.3% in fifty years age older individual, of 91% in seventy years age older and of 35.5% in eighty five ages older. It is important to know their classification and also the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects because there are an extensive variety of conditions that may produce cognitive impairment. The Minimal Cognitive Impairment and the Vascular Cognitive Impairment are the initial steps toward the development of Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia respectively, and for that it is very important their early diagnosis, the same that the identification of the risk factors inherent to these diseases in order to find individuals at risk and to plan preventive strategies and pharmacologic intervention. Besides, appear already protection factors that may benefit to this individual at risk an also to the relatives of the patients. We consider that all these general aspects are useful for the physician and for others professionals implicated in the field of cognitive disorders.  Key words: Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular Dementia, Neuroepidemiology

Enfermedad de Alzheimer

RESUMEN La Enfermedad de Alzheimer es la demencia primaria más común en el mundo y Colombia no escapa a ella. Tenemos herramientas diagnósticas clínicas y para-clínicas útiles para su diagnóstico y el diagnóstico diferencial. Han pasado casi 100 años desde que Alois Alzheimer describiera la enfermedad que lleva su nombre y la identificación de los cuerpos seniles y los ovillos neurofibrilares en el cerebro atrófico de su paciente. El aporte de la biología molecular ha llevado a la identificación del amiloide como la proteína característica de los cuerpos seniles y de la proteína tau en los ovillos neurofibrilares. La secuencia molecular de la formación de estas dos proteínas permitirá elaborar estrategias terapéuticas más racionales. El ensayo inicial de una vacuna así lo demuestra. La neuroquímica ha contribuido con el desarrollo de medicamentos, disponibles en nuestro país, que contribuyen a mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes y de sus cuidadores, lo mismo que de enlentecer en algunos casos su progresión. Es importante el reconocimiento temprano de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer para facilitar un tratamiento racional. Palabras clave:Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Donepezil. Rivastigmina. Galantamina. Memantina. ABSTRACT The Alzheimer's Disease is the primary dementia more common en the World including Colombia. We have useful para-clinical and clinical diagnostic tools for its diagnosis and the differential diagnosis. Has been passed almost 100 years since Alois Alzheimer described the disease that have his name and the identification of the senile bodies and neurofibrillay tangles in the atrophic brain of his patient. The contribution of the molecular biology has carried to the amyloid identification as the characteristic protein of the senile bodies and the tau protein of the neurofibrillary tangles. The molecular sequence of the formation of these two proteins will permit design therapeutic strategies more rationale. The initial trial of a vaccine thus showed it. The neurochemistry has contributed also with de development of medicaments, available in our country, that improve the patient's life quality and their caregivers, and also may decrease in some cases its progression. It is important the early recognition of the Alzheimer's Disease in order to facilitate a rational treatment. Key Words: Alzheimer's Disease. Donepezil. Rivastigmine. Galantamine. Memantine

Hubungan Antara Pola Asuh Otoriter dengan Perilaku Disiplin Akademik Pada Siswa SMP

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1. Mengetahui hubungan antara pola asuh otoriter dengan kedisiplinan,2. Mengetahui tingkat kedisiplinan pada siswa,3. Mengetahui tingakt pola asuh otoriter pada siswa, 4. Mengetahui sumbangan efektif pola asuh otoriter terhadap kedisiplinan siswa SMP. Hipotesis penelitian ini ada hubungan negatif antara pola asuh otoriter dengan kedisiplinan siswa. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII SMP N 1 Plupuh yang berumlah 90 siswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah cluster random sampling. Metode pengambilan data yaitu skala kedisplinan dan skala pola asuh otoriter. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah korelasi dari Product Moment dari Pearson. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data diperoleh koefisien korelasi -0,326 dengan sig= 0,001; p ≤ 0.01 Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan negatif antara pola asuh otoriter dengan kedisiplinan siswa SMP. Hasil dari kategorisasi tingkat kedisiplinan siswa RE= 121,54, dan RH= 105 yang tergolong tinggi dan tingkat pola asuh otoriter RE=808,80, RH= 100 yang tergolong .Sumbangan efektif pola asuh otoriter dengan kedisiplinan sebesar 10,6 %, yang ditunjukkan dengan koefisien diterminasi atau r2 = 0,106. Tingkat kedisiplinan yang dimiliki oleh siswa SMP tersebut tergolong tinggi dan tingkat pola asuh otoriter yang dimiliki tergolong rendah

Evolution in the Cluster Early-type Galaxy Size-Surface Brightness Relation at z =~ 1

We investigate the evolution in the distribution of surface brightness, as a function of size, for elliptical and S0 galaxies in the two clusters RDCS J1252.9-2927, z=1.237 and RX J0152.7-1357, z=0.837. We use multi-color imaging with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope to determine these sizes and surface brightnesses. Using three different estimates of the surface brightnesses, we find that we reliably estimate the surface brightness for the galaxies in our sample with a scatter of < 0.2 mag and with systematic shifts of \lesssim 0.05 mag. We construct samples of galaxies with early-type morphologies in both clusters. For each cluster, we use a magnitude limit in a band which closely corresponds to the rest-frame B, to magnitude limit of M_B = -18.8 at z=0, and select only those galaxies within the color-magnitude sequence of the cluster or by using our spectroscopic redshifts. We measure evolution in the rest-frame B surface brightness, and find -1.41 \+/- 0.14 mag from the Coma cluster of galaxies for RDCS J1252.9-2927 and -0.90 \+/- 0.12 mag of evolution for RX J0152.7-1357, or an average evolution of (-1.13 \+/- 0.15) z mag. Our statistical errors are dominated by the observed scatter in the size-surface brightness relation, sigma = 0.42 \+/- 0.05 mag for RX J0152.7-1357 and sigma = 0.76 \+/- 0.10 mag for RDCS J1252.9-2927. We find no statistically significant evolution in this scatter, though an increase in the scatter could be expected. Overall, the pace of luminosity evolution we measure agrees with that of the Fundamental Plane of early-type galaxies, implying that the majority of massive early-type galaxies observed at z =~ 1 formed at high redshifts.Comment: Accepted in ApJ, 16 pages in emulateapj format with 15 eps figures, 6 in colo

The UV-SCOPE mission: ultraviolet spectroscopic characterization of planets and their environments

UV-SCOPE is a mission concept to determine the causes of atmospheric mass loss in exoplanets, investigate the mechanisms driving aerosol formation in hot Jupiters, and study the influence of the stellar environment on atmospheric evolution and habitability. As part of these investigations, the mission will generate a broad-purpose legacy database of time-domain ultraviolet (UV) spectra for nearly 200 stars and planets. The observatory consists of a 60 cm, f/10 telescope paired to a long-slit spectrograph, yielding simultaneous, almost continuous coverage between 1203 Å and 4000 Å, with resolutions ranging from 6000 to 240. The efficient instrument provides throughputs < 4% (far-UV; FUV) and < 15% (near-UV; NUV), comparable to HST/COS and much better than HST/STIS, over the same spectral range. A key design feature is the LiF prism, which serves as a dispersive element and provides high throughput even after accounting for radiation degradation. The use of two delta-doped Electron-Multiplying CCD detectors with UV-optimized, single-layer anti-reflection coatings provides high quantum efficiency and low detector noise. From the Earth-Sun second Lagrangian point, UV-SCOPE will continuously observe planetary transits and stellar variability in the full FUV-to-NUV range, with negligible astrophysical background. All these features make UV-SCOPE the ideal instrument to study exoplanetary atmospheres and the impact of host stars on their planets. UV-SCOPE was proposed to NASA as a Medium Explorer (MidEx) mission for the 2021 Announcement of Opportunity. If approved, the observatory will be developed over a 5-year period. Its primary science mission takes 34 months to complete. The spacecraft carries enough fuel for 6 years of operations

Interventions to prevent youth violence in Latin America: a systematic review

Objectives: This review aims to summarise evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to prevent youth violence in Latin America. Methods: A systematic search on 13 academic databases was conducted to locate studies evaluating a primary or secondary prevention intervention in Latin America. Studies could use any type of quantitative design to assess outcomes related to youth violence. A search of websites, references and citation searching was also carried out. The quality of each study was assessed. Results: Nine studies were identified. Most documented positive effects of the interventions on the perception of youth violence present in the community/school. Evidence was found of a reduction in homicides and juvenile crimes in three studies, two of which evaluated a community-based intervention. There were mixed results for the self-report of participation on violent acts. The majority of the studies lacked of a rigorous design. Conclusions: Most of the interventions had some promising results, including the reduction of homicides within communities. Community-based programmes were the most consistent regarding an effectiveness to prevent violence. However, the evidence for Latin America is still scarce and relies on non-rigorously designed studies

Impaired Inhibitory Control in Recreational Cocaine Users

Chronic use of cocaine is associated with impairment in response inhibition but it is an open question whether and to which degree findings from chronic users generalize to the upcoming type of recreational users. This study compared the ability to inhibit and execute behavioral responses in adult recreational users and in a cocaine-free-matched sample controlled for age, race, gender distribution, level of intelligence, and alcohol consumption. Response inhibition and response execution were measured by a stop-signal paradigm. Results show that users and non users are comparable in terms of response execution but users need significantly more time to inhibit responses to stop-signals than non users. Interestingly, the magnitude of the inhibitory deficit was positively correlated with the individuals lifetime cocaine exposure suggesting that the magnitude of the impairment is proportional to the degree of cocaine consumed

Transcription Profiling of Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen (EBNA)-1 Expressing Cells Suggests Targeting of Chromatin Remodeling Complexes

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1 regulates virus replication and transcription, and participates in the remodeling of the cellular environment that accompanies EBV induced B-cell immortalization and malignant transformation. The putative cellular targets of these effects of EBNA-1 are largely unknown. To address this issue we have profiled the transcriptional changes induced by short- and long-term expression of EBNA-1 in the EBV negative B-cell lymphoma BJAB. Three hundred and nineteen cellular genes were regulated in a conditional transfectant shortly after EBNA-1 induction while a ten fold higher number of genes was regulated upon continuous EBNA-1 expression. Promoter analysis of the differentially regulated genes demonstrated a significant enrichment of putative EBNA-1 binding sites suggesting that EBNA-1 may directly influence the transcription of a subset of genes. Gene ontology analysis of forty seven genes that were consistently regulated independently on the time of EBNA-1 expression revealed an unexpected enrichment of genes involved in the maintenance of chromatin architecture. The interaction network of the affected gene products suggests that EBNA-1 may promote a broad rearrangement of the cellular transcription landscape by altering the expression of key components of chromatin remodeling complexes