Entre la carrera eclesiástica y las preocupaciones familiares: correspondencia de un prebendado del siglo XVIII

La correspondencia familiar es una fuente riquísima para conocer aspectos relacionados con la intimidad del hogar, hechos o circunstancias históricas, así como los éxitos y fracasos en la carrera de los individuos; todo ello redactado a modo de confidencia, permitiéndonos conocer rasgos identitarios personales y colectivos. Este artículo analiza bajo esta perspectiva las relaciones familiares de un clérigo y la carrera eclesiástica en relación con elementos políticos que influían en el acceso a las prebendas eclesiásticas y al episcopado durante los últimos años del siglo XVIII.The family correspondence is a rich source to know aspects related to home intimacy, facts or historical circumstances, as well as the successes and failures in the career of the individuals; all written in confidence, allowing us to know personal and collective identity features. This article analyzes the family relationships of a clergyman and the ecclesiastical career in relation to political elements that influenced access to ecclesiastical prebends and the episcopate during the last years of the 18th century

Cambios y permanencias entre las élites intelectuales en el Reino de Navarra. Las Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País de Pamplona

Pamplona desde finales del siglo XVIII y primeras décadas del XIX fue testigo de varios intentos de constituir una Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País. Aunque estas instituciones han sido ampliamente estudiadas en el presente artículo hemos querido comprobar si hubo alguna continuidad entre las élites intelectuales que las promovieron o, como resultado de los convulsos periodos que se sucedieron, fueron iniciativas aisladas entre sí. Para ello se han cruzado los datos de los individuos que constituyeron las distintas sociedades dejando ver ciertas constantes entre algunos grupos de la nobleza, los comerciantes o el clero, en especial el alto clero. Algunas de las familias que participaron en el ascenso social del fenómeno denominado la Hora navarra consiguieron continuar en puestos políticos y económicos destacados en el nuevo régimen liberal, dejando los que tradicionalmente habían ocupado para entrar en otros nuevos

Myocardial Response to Biomechanical Stress

Biomechanical stress of the myocardium is the situation resulting from hypoxia, hypertension, and other forms of myocardial injury, that invariably lead to increased demands for cardiac work and/or loss of functional myocardium. As a consequence of biomechanical stress a number of responses develop involving all the myocardial cells, namely cardiomyocytes. As a result some myocardial phenotypic changes develop that are initially compensatory (i.e., hypertrophy) but which may mediate the eventual decline in myocardial function that occurs with the transition from hypertrophy to failure in conditions of persistent stress (i.e., apoptosis and fibrosis). This review focuses on the steps involved in the response of the myocardium to biomechanical stress and highlights the most recent developments in the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of heart failure

Respuestas del miocardio al estrés biomecánico

El estrés biomecánico del miocardio hace referencia a la situación que se genera cuando, debido a la hipertensión, la hipoxia u otras formas de daño miocárdico, están aumentadas las demandas de trabajo cardíaco y/o se ha perdido miocardio funcionante. Como consecuencia del estrés biomecánico se producen diversas respuestas que afectan a todas las células miocárdicas, en particular a los cardiomiocitos. El resultado final de las mismas son distintas modificaciones fenotípicas que inicialmente son compensadoras (p. ej., hipertrofia), pero que si persiste el estrés pueden mediar la transición de la hipertrofia a la insuficiencia cardíaca (p. ej., apoptosis y fibrosis). Esta revisión se centra en la descripción de las distintas fases de las respuestas miocárdicas al estrés, así como en la consideración de los hallazgos más recientes sobre los mecanismos moleculares implicados en el desarrollo de insuficiencia cardíaca

Incidence Patterns and Trends of non-Central Nervous System Solid Tumours in Children and Adolescents. A Collaborative Study of the Spanish Population Based Cancer Registries

Objective: To describe incidence patterns and trends in children (0-14 years) and adolescents (15-19 age-range) with solid tumours, except those of central nervous system (CNS), in Spain. Methods: Cases were drawn from eleven Spanish population-based cancer registries. Incidence was estimated for the period 1983-2007 and trends were evaluated using Joinpoint regression analysis. Results: The studied tumour groups accounted for 36% of total childhood cancers and 47.6% of those diagnosed in adolescence with annual rates per million of 53.5 and 89.3 respectively. In children 0 to 14 years of age, Neuroblastoma (NB) was the commonest (7.8%) followed by Soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) (6.3%), bone tumours (BT) (6.2%) and renal tumours (RT) (4.5%). NB was the most frequently diagnosed tumour before the 5th birthday, while STS and BT were the commonest at 5-9 years of age, and BT and Carcinoma and other epithelial tumours (COET) at 10-14. COET presented the highest incidence in adolescents, followed by germ-cell tumours (GCT), BT and STS. These four diagnostic groups accounted for 94% of total non-CNS solid tumours, in adolescents. Overall incidence rates increased significantly in children up to 1996 with an annual percentage change (APC) of 2.6% (95% CI: 1.7; 3.6). NB and COET showed significant time trend (APCs: 1.4% and 3.8% respectively) while other tumour groups such as RT, STS, BT or GCT had no significant changes over time. A significant increase was present in NB under the age of 5 and in BT and STS in children aged 10-14 years. In adolescents there were significant increases for all tumours combined (APC=2.7; 95% CI: 1.8-3.6) and for STS, GCT and COET (APCs: 3.2%, 4.4% and 3.5% respectively), while other tumour groups such as hepatic tumours, BT or thyroid carcinomas showed a decreasing trend or no increase. Conclusions: Overall, the incidence of the studied cancers in children increased along the period 1983-1996 with no posterior significant rise, while the incidence in adolescents increased significantly over the whole period 1983-2007. Several specific tumour groups showed significant rises or decrements in childhood or adolescence, although the small number of cases precludes showing significant trends or inflexion points

Sustainable Development, Ecological Complexity, and Environmental Values

Sustainable Development, Ecological Complexity, and Environmental Values contributes to expanding the idea of sustainability by integrating different thematic issues related to sustainable development in its threefold consideration (economic, social, and environmental) with regard to the case of the Basque Country. On the global scale, changes have clearly accelerated; ecological and social sustainability are two facets of the same changing reality. First, social sustainability depends on ecological sustainability. If we continue degrading nature's capacity to produce the ecosystems' services (water filtration, climate stabilization, etc) and resources (food, materials), both individuals and nations will be affected by growing pressures and increasing conflicts, as well as by threats to public health and personal safety. Second, ecological sustainability depends on social sustainability, a socially unjust and unfair system wiht an ever-increasing population that is not able to have its needs met will necessarily lead to environmental collapse. In addition, human behavior and the social dynamic often lie at the heart of social and ecological problems. It must be, therefore, assumed that there will not be sustainable development if sustainable societies do not first exist. A sustainable society has the challenge of developing human capital. In this book, these global questions are treated as they relate to specific place and context, the Basque Country and its modern institutions.This book was published with generous financial support from the Basque Government.Introduction—Ignacio Ayestarán and Miren Onaindia ? 1. An Evaluation of Ecosystem Services as a Base for the Sustainable Management of a Region by Miren Onaindia and Gloria Rodríguez-Loinaz ? 2. An Evaluation of Millennium Ecosystems from the Basque Country by Igone Palacios, Izaskun Casada-Arzuaga, Iosu Madariaga, and Xabier Arana ? 3. Climate Change: Activities of the EOLO Group at the University of the Basque Country by Agustín Ezcurra, Jon Sáenz, and Gabriel Ibarra-Berastegi ? 4. The Environmental Value of the Karstic Landscape of the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve: The Asnarre Promontory (Bizkaia) by Arantza Aranburu, Laura Damas-Mollá, Patxi García-Garmilla, Iñaki Yusta, M. Arriolabengoa, Peru Iridoy, and Eneko Iriarte ? 5. Recent Environmental Transformation of the Bilbao Estuary: Natural and Anthropogenic Processes by Alejandro Cearreta, Maria Jesús Irabien, and Eduardo Leorri ? 6. The Landscape of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country: The Evolution of Forest Systems by Lorena Peña and Ibone Amezaga ? 7. Critical Theories of Sustainable Development by Eguzki Urteaga ? 8. Bases for the Transition toward a Sustainable Economy by Roberto Bermejo, David Hoyos, and Eneko Garmendia ? 9. Environmental Values, the Epistemology of Complex Problems, and Postnormal Science in the Face of Global Change by Ignacio Ayestáran ? 10. Science, Gender, and Sustainable Development by Teresa Nuño Angós ? 11. Environmental Education as Training: A Case Study at the University of the Basque Country by Araitz Uskola Ibarluzea ? 12. Social Values and Sustainable Practices among Basque Inshore Fishermen by Pío Pérez Aldasoro ? 13. Sustainable Development and the Values of Well-Being and Globalization by Eduardo Rubio Ardanaz, Juan Antonio Rubio-Ardanaz, and Xiao Fang ? Index ? List of Contributor

Physical activity of subjects aged 50–64 years involved in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

Objective: To describe physical activity of participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Design: A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data of a European prospective cohort study. Subjects: This analysis was restricted to participants in the age group 50-64 years, which was represented in all EPIC centres. It involved 236 386 participants from 25 centres in nine countries. In each EPIC centre, physical activity was assessed by standardised and validated questions. Frequency distribution of type of professional activity and participation in non-professional activities, and age-adjusted means, medians and percentiles of time dedicated to non-professional activities are presented for men and women from each centre. Results: Professional activity was most frequently classified as sedentary or standing in all centres. There was a wide variation regarding participation in different types of non-professional activities and time dedicated to these activities across EPIC centres. Over 80% of all EPIC participants engaged in walking, while less than 50% of the subjects participated in sport. Total time dedicated to recreational activities was highest among the Dutch participants and lowest among men from Malmo (Sweden) and women from Naples (Italy). In all centres, total time dedicated to recreational activity in the summer was higher than in the winter. Women from southern Europe spent the most time on housekeeping. Conclusions: There is a considerable variation of physical activity across EPIC centres. This variation was especially evident for recreational activities in both men and women

Patterns in metabolite profile are associated with risk of more aggressive prostate cancer: A prospective study of 3,057 matched case-control sets from EPIC

Metabolomics may reveal novel insights into the etiology of prostate cancer, for which few risk factors are established. We investigated the association between patterns in baseline plasma metabolite profile and subsequent prostate cancer risk, using data from 3,057 matched case-control sets from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). We measured 119 metabolite concentrations in plasma samples, collected on average 9.4 years before diagnosis, by mass spectrometry (AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit, Biocrates Life Sciences AG). Metabolite patterns were identified using treelet transform, a statistical method for identification of groups of correlated metabolites. Associations of metabolite patterns with prostate cancer risk (OR1SD ) were estimated by conditional logistic regression. Supplementary analyses were conducted for metabolite patterns derived using principal component analysis and for individual metabolites. Men with metabolite profiles characterized by higher concentrations of either phosphatidylcholines or hydroxysphingomyelins (OR1SD  = 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.66-0.89), acylcarnitines C18:1 and C18:2, glutamate, ornithine and taurine (OR1SD  = 0.72, 0.57-0.90), or lysophosphatidylcholines (OR1SD  = 0.81, 0.69-0.95) had lower risk of advanced stage prostate cancer at diagnosis, with no evidence of heterogeneity by follow-up time. Similar associations were observed for the two former patterns with aggressive disease risk (the more aggressive subset of advanced stage), while the latter pattern was inversely related to risk of prostate cancer death (OR1SD  = 0.77, 0.61-0.96). No associations were observed for prostate cancer overall or less aggressive tumor subtypes. In conclusion, metabolite patterns may be related to lower risk of more aggressive prostate tumors and prostate cancer death, and might be relevant to etiology of advanced stage prostate cancer