1,560 research outputs found
Massive black holes interactions during the assembly of heavy sub-structures in the centre of galaxy clusters
We performed a series of direct N-body simulations with the aim to follow the
dynamical evolution of a galaxy cluster (GC) () in different environment. The results show the formation of heavy
sub-structures in the cluster centre in consequence of multiple merging among
the innermost galaxies. Moreover we investigate the dynamics of super-massive
black holes (SMBHs) residing in the centre of galaxies that form the most
massive sub-structure.Comment: 2 pages, 3 figures. To be published in the proceedings of the
conference Cosmic-Lab, Modest 201
A deep insight into the sialome of male and female aedes aegypti mosquitoes
Only adult female mosquitoes feed on blood, while both genders take sugar meals. Accordingly, several compounds associated with blood feeding (i.e. vasodilators, anti-clotting, anti-platelets) are found only in female glands, while enzymes associated with sugar feeding or antimicrobials (such as lysozyme) are found in the glands of both sexes. We performed de novo assembly of reads from adult Aedes aegypti female and male salivary gland libraries (285 and 90 million reads, respectively). By mapping back the reads to the assembled contigs, plus mapping the reads from a publicly available Ae. aegypti library from adult whole bodies, we identified 360 transcripts (including splice variants and alleles) overexpressed tenfold or more in the glands when compared to whole bodies. Moreover, among these, 207 were overexpressed fivefold or more in female vs. male salivary glands, 85 were near equally expressed and 68 were overexpressed in male glands. We call in particular the attention to C-type lectins, angiopoietins, female-specific Antigen 5, the 9.7 kDa, 12–14 kDa, 23.5 kDa, 62/34 kDa, 4.2 kDa, proline-rich peptide, SG8, 8.7 kDa family and SGS fragments: these polypeptides are all of unknown function, but due to their overexpression in female salivary glands and putative secretory nature they are expected to affect host physiology. We have also found many transposons (some of which novel) and several endogenous viral transcripts (probably acquired by horizontal transfer) which are overexpressed in the salivary glands and may play some role in tissue-specific gene regulation or represent a mechanism of virus interference. This work contributes to a near definitive catalog of male and female salivary gland transcripts from Ae. aegypti, which will help to direct further studies aiming at the functional characterization of the many transcripts with unknown function and the understanding of their role in vector-host interaction and pathogen transmission
High performance astrophysics computing
The application of high end computing to astrophysical problems, mainly in
the galactic environment, is under development since many years at the Dep. of
Physics of Sapienza Univ. of Roma. The main scientific topic is the physics of
self gravitating systems, whose specific subtopics are: i) celestial mechanics
and interplanetary probe transfers in the solar system; ii) dynamics of
globular clusters and of globular cluster systems in their parent galaxies;
iii) nuclear clusters formation and evolution; iv) massive black hole formation
and evolution; v) young star cluster early evolution. In this poster we
describe the software and hardware computational resources available in our
group and how we are developing both software and hardware to reach the
scientific aims above itemized.Comment: 2 pages paper presented at the Conference "Advances in Computational
Astrophysics: methods, tools and outcomes", to be published in the ASP
Conference Series, 2012, vol. 453, R. Capuzzo-Dolcetta, M. Limongi and A.
Tornambe' ed
Anopheline salivary protein genes and gene families: an evolutionary overview after the whole genome sequence of sixteen Anopheles species
Background: Mosquito saliva is a complex cocktail whose pharmacological properties play an essential role in
blood feeding by counteracting host physiological response to tissue injury. Moreover, vector borne pathogens are
transmitted to vertebrates and exposed to their immune system in the context of mosquito saliva which, in virtue
of its immunomodulatory properties, can modify the local environment at the feeding site and eventually affect
pathogen transmission. In addition, the host antibody response to salivary proteins may be used to assess human
exposure to mosquito vectors. Even though the role of quite a few mosquito salivary proteins has been clarified in
the last decade, we still completely ignore the physiological role of many of them as well as the extent of their
involvement in the complex interactions taking place between the mosquito vectors, the pathogens they transmit
and the vertebrate host. The recent release of the genomes of 16 Anopheles species offered the opportunity to get
insights into function and evolution of salivary protein families in anopheline mosquitoes.
Results: Orthologues of fifty three Anopheles gambiae salivary proteins were retrieved and annotated from 18
additional anopheline species belonging to the three subgenera Cellia, Anopheles, and Nyssorhynchus. Our analysis
included 824 full-length salivary proteins from 24 different families and allowed the identification of 79 novel
salivary genes and re-annotation of 379 wrong predictions. The comparative, structural and phylogenetic analyses
yielded an unprecedented view of the anopheline salivary repertoires and of their evolution over 100 million years
of anopheline radiation shedding light on mechanisms and evolutionary forces that contributed shaping the
anopheline sialomes.
Conclusions: We provide here a comprehensive description, classification and evolutionary overview of the main
anopheline salivary protein families and identify two novel candidate markers of human exposure to malaria vectors
worldwide. This anopheline sialome catalogue, which is easily accessible as hyperlinked spreadsheet, is expected to
be useful to the vector biology community and to improve the capacity to gain a deeper understanding of
mosquito salivary proteins facilitating their possible exploitation for epidemiological and/or pathogen-vector-host
interaction studies
The dearth of nuclear star clusters in bright galaxies
We investigate the interaction of a massive globular cluster (GC) with a super massive black hole (SMBH), located at the centre of its host galaxy, by means of direct N-body simulations. The results show that tidal distortions induced by the stellar background and the SMBH act on a time shorter than that of dynamical friction decay for a 106 M 99 GC whenever the SMBH mass exceeds ~108 M 99. This implies an almost complete dissolution of the infalling GC before it reaches the inner region ( 725 pc) of the parent galaxy. The generalization of this result to a larger sample of infalling GCs shows that such destructive process may prevent the formation and growth of a bright galactic nucleus. Another interesting, serendipitous, result we obtained is that the close interaction between the SMBH and the GC produces a 'wave' of stars that escape from the cluster and, in a fraction, even from the whole galaxy
Marked increase in PROP taste responsiveness following oral supplementation with selected salivary proteins or their related free amino acids
The genetic predisposition to taste 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) varies among individuals and is associated with salivary levels of Ps-1 and II-2 peptides, belonging to the basic proline-rich protein family (bPRP). We evaluated the role of these proteins and free amino acids that selectively interact with the PROP molecule, in modulating bitter taste responsiveness. Subjects were classified by their PROP taster status based on ratings of perceived taste intensity for PROP and NaCl solutions. Quantitative and qualitative determinations of Ps-1 and II-2 proteins in unstimulated saliva were performed by HPLC-ESI-MS analysis. Subjects rated PROP bitterness after supplementation with Ps-1 and II-2, and two amino acids (L-Arg and L-Lys) whose interaction with PROP was demonstrated by (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. ANOVA showed that salivary levels of II-2 and Ps-1 proteins were higher in unstimulated saliva of PROP super-tasters and medium tasters than in non-tasters. Supplementation of Ps-1 protein in individuals lacking it in saliva enhanced their PROP bitter taste responsiveness, and this effect was specific to the non-taster group.(1)H-NMR results showed that the interaction between PROP and L-Arg is stronger than that involving L-Lys, and taste experiments confirmed that oral supplementation with these two amino acids increased PROP bitterness intensity, more for L-Arg than for L-Lys. These data suggest that Ps-1 protein facilitates PROP bitter taste perception and identifies a role for free L-Arg and L-Lys in PROP tasting
The origin of the first neutron star -- neutron star merger
The first neutron star-neutron star (NS-NS) merger was discovered on August
17, 2017 through gravitational waves (GW170817) and followed with
electromagnetic observations. This merger was detected in an old elliptical
galaxy with no recent star formation. We perform a suite of numerical
calculations to understand the formation mechanism of this merger. We probe
three leading formation mechanisms of double compact objects: classical
isolated binary star evolution, dynamical evolution in globular clusters and
nuclear cluster formation to test whether they are likely to produce NS-NS
mergers in old host galaxies. Our simulations with optimistic assumptions show
current NS-NS merger rates at the level of 10^-2 yr^-1 from binary stars, 5 x
10^-5 yr^-1 from globular clusters and 10^-5 yr^-1 from nuclear clusters for
all local elliptical galaxies (within 100 Mpc^3). These models are thus in
tension with the detection of GW170817 with an observed rate 1.5 yr^-1 (per 100
Mpc^3; LIGO/Virgo estimate). Our results imply that either (i) the detection of
GW170817 by LIGO/Virgo at their current sensitivity in an elliptical galaxy is
a statistical coincidence; or that (ii) physics in at least one of our three
models is incomplete in the context of the evolution of stars that can form
NS-NS mergers; or that (iii) another very efficient (unknown) formation channel
with a long delay time between star formation and merger is at play.Comment: A&A: accepte
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