NEW ENDOVASCULAR TECHNOLOGIES TO RECONSTRUCT AORTIC ARCH IN SITU

The aim of this chronic experimental study is to evaluate the feasibility of endovascular repair of the complete aortic arch by using novel fenestration devices and off the shelf products with simultaneous support of the cerebral circulation. The study designed to have three stages; cadaver, acute and chronic animal studies. After having satisfactory results from cadaver and acute animal studies which had proven the feasibility of the technique. Five Yorkshire pigs were used for the chronic experiments. In order to support the cerebral circulation at five chronic animal study, right femoral artery to right distal carotid artery bypass circuit was achieved during the stent graft deployment, fenestration and conduit fixation procedures. Commercially available Valiant Thoracic Stent Grafts, covered stems, steerable guiding catheters and dilatation balloons were also used during the procedure. Among the commercially available covered stents iCast had chosen because of its perfect response for proximal flairing (1,) (2). Medtronic Research and Development Department produced two prototype of fenestration devices, radio frequency (RF) plasma electrode catheter was chosen to create fenestrations at chronic study while balloon-centered needle-dilator catheter had the risk of perforation during manipulation of sharp angulated arteries (1, 2). All animals survived during the stent graft implantation, fenestration conduit implantation procedures and following 28 days. Necropsy revealed secure fixation and sealing of the conduits into the fenestrated segments of the stent graft. There were neither fractures or infoldings, proximal or distal migrations or endoleaks depending on Valiant stent graft nor collapse, crush, detachment or stenosis of covered stents. No treatment related embolic findings revealed at macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of the brain. Endovascular repair of the total aortic arch via in situ fenestration of the stent graft using cerebral circulatory support seems to be feasible and safe. Further techniques are required to complete this technique to become perfect and easy to apply complicated aortic pathologies in a short time with minimal complications. Further studies should be focused on development of off the shelf RF plasma fenestration devices and creating necessary hole diameter and than can be used as a guide wire which over it self flaring conduits can be implanted at one step are required before clinical adoption of this procedure

Estimates of banks' losses on loans to the corporate sector

Loans to non-financial enterprises are the main source of banks’ losses. Analyses of banks’ losses on corporate loans are therefore important in the assessment of financial stability. This paper presents Norges Bank’s framework for estimating losses on corporate loans built up from microdata for each firm and loan in each bank. Losses are estimated using a stepwise process. First, we estimate revenue developments at industry level and simulate the effect on firms’ future financial statements. This is then used to project firms’ bankruptcy probabilities using Norges Bank’s bankruptcy probability model (KOSMO). Finally, the bankruptcy probabilities are linked to data on banks’ exposures and credit losses are estimated. The estimates will be included in Norges Bank’s assessment of vulnerabilities and risks in the Norwegian banking system. In addition to being included in a general risk assessment, the framework can be used in stress testing and in the assessment of new areas of risk, such as climate risk.publishedVersio

Endovascular treatment of an aortobronchial fistula

A 67-year-old man operated on 8 years previously for type B aortic dissection presented with two episodes of massive hemoptysis. An aortobronchial fistula was suspected with spiral computed tomography angiography, and showed a small pseudoaneurysm corresponding to the distal anastomotic site. The patient underwent endovascular stent-graft implantation and is asymptomatic 8 months after the procedure

Estimates of banks' losses on loans to the corporate sector

Loans to non-financial enterprises are the main source of banks’ losses. Analyses of banks’ losses on corporate loans are therefore important in the assessment of financial stability. This paper presents Norges Bank’s framework for estimating losses on corporate loans built up from microdata for each firm and loan in each bank. Losses are estimated using a stepwise process. First, we estimate revenue developments at industry level and simulate the effect on firms’ future financial statements. This is then used to project firms’ bankruptcy probabilities using Norges Bank’s bankruptcy probability model (KOSMO). Finally, the bankruptcy probabilities are linked to data on banks’ exposures and credit losses are estimated. The estimates will be included in Norges Bank’s assessment of vulnerabilities and risks in the Norwegian banking system. In addition to being included in a general risk assessment, the framework can be used in stress testing and in the assessment of new areas of risk, such as climate risk

Anslag på bankenes tap på utlån til ikke-finansielle foretak

Lån til ikke-finansielle foretak er den største kilden til tap i bankene. Analyser av bankenes utlånstap til foretak er derfor viktig i vurderingen av finansiell stabilitet. I dette memoet presenterer vi Norges Banks rammeverk for å anslå tap på utlån til foretak bygd opp fra mikrodata for hvert enkelt foretak og lån i hver enkelt bank. Tapsanslagene bygger på en stegvis prosess. Først anslår vi utvikling i omsetning på næringsnivå og simulerer effekten på foretakenes regnskaper. Vi bruker deretter dette i fremskrivingen av foretakenes konkurssannsynligheter ved Norges Banks konkurssannsynlighetsmodell, KOSMO. Til slutt kobles konkurssannsynlighetene med informasjon om bankenes låneengasjementer og vi lager anslag for utlånstap. Anslagene vil inngå som en del av Norges Banks vurdering av sårbarhet og risiko i det norske banksystemet. I tillegg til at rammeverket vil inngå i en generell risikovurdering, kan det også kan brukes i arbeid med stresstester og i vurdering av nye risikoområder, som klimarisiko.publishedVersio

Anslag på bankenes tap på utlån til ikke-finansielle foretak

Lån til ikke-finansielle foretak er den største kilden til tap i bankene. Analyser av bankenes utlånstap til foretak er derfor viktig i vurderingen av finansiell stabilitet. I dette memoet presenterer vi Norges Banks rammeverk for å anslå tap på utlån til foretak bygd opp fra mikrodata for hvert enkelt foretak og lån i hver enkelt bank. Tapsanslagene bygger på en stegvis prosess. Først anslår vi utvikling i omsetning på næringsnivå og simulerer effekten på foretakenes regnskaper. Vi bruker deretter dette i fremskrivingen av foretakenes konkurssannsynligheter ved Norges Banks konkurssannsynlighetsmodell, KOSMO. Til slutt kobles konkurssannsynlighetene med informasjon om bankenes låneengasjementer og vi lager anslag for utlånstap. Anslagene vil inngå som en del av Norges Banks vurdering av sårbarhet og risiko i det norske banksystemet. I tillegg til at rammeverket vil inngå i en generell risikovurdering, kan det også kan brukes i arbeid med stresstester og i vurdering av nye risikoområder, som klimarisiko