Gênero e saúde: perfil e tendências da produção científica no Brasil

The differences in health between men and women have been object of great interest, but interpretations tend to be naturalized and essentialists. Gender-oriented studies have criticized this literature and offered new analythical alternatives. The present study was intended to describe the profile and trends of scientific production on gender and health in Brazil. Data sources comprised the Research Groups Directory of Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (National Research Council), CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) Thesis Bank, and four journals available in SciELO - Scientific Eletronic Library Online. Fifty-one groups with at least one line of research in the subject were identified, with regional and institutional concentrations. The results confirmed the marked growth of scientific production in this field as 98 master and 42 doctoral dissertations and 665 articles on gender and health were retrieved. Women authored 86.0% and 89.0% of doctoral and master dissertations respectively, and 70.5% of the articles. Most were published in the 2000s when diversification of the studied topics was also seen. The studied subjects can be divided into five subgroups: reproduction and contraception; gender and violence; sexuality and health with emphasis on STD/AIDS; work and health, including domestic and night work; other emergent or less explored topics. There are major political, epistemological and methodological challenges for strengthening these advancements. The gender perspective offers possibilities for enlightment of theoretical dilemmas in public health. Furthermore, it can be added to other intellectual and political efforts towards understanding health and its determinants and fighting against inequalities and for social justice.As diferenças em saúde entre homens e mulheres têm sido objeto de grande interesse, mas as interpretações tendem a ser naturalizadas e essencialistas. Os estudos de gênero têm criticado essa literatura, oferecendo alternativas de análise promissoras. Assim realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de descrever o perfil e as tendências da atividade científica sobre gênero e saúde no Brasil. Foram utilizados dados do Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, do Banco de Teses da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, e quatro periódicos da área da saúde. Foram identificados 51 grupos com pelo menos uma linha de pesquisa na temática, com concentração regional e institucional. Os resultados confirmam o crescimento acentuado da produção científica, sendo localizadas 98 dissertações, 42 teses e 665 artigos sobre gênero e saúde. As mulheres são autoras de 86,0% das teses e 89,0% das dissertações e 70,5% dos artigos. A maioria dos trabalhos acadêmicos foi divulgada na década de 2000, quando ocorreu também ampliação das questões abordadas. Os temas podem ser reunidos em cinco subgrupos: reprodução e contracepção; violência de gênero; sexualidade e saúde, com ênfase nas DST/Aids; trabalho e saúde, incluindo trabalho doméstico e trabalho noturno; outros temas emergentes ou pouco explorados. São grandes os desafios políticos, epistemológicos e metodológicos para consolidação dos avanços. A perspectiva de gênero oferece amplas possibilidades de enriquecimento da reflexão teórica na saúde coletiva, podendo-se somar a outros esforços intelectuais e políticos para a compreensão da saúde e seus determinantes na luta contra as desigualdades e pela justiça social

Perinatal mortality in the municipality of Salvador, Northeastern Brazil: evolution from 2000 to 2009

OBJETIVO Analisar a evolução da mortalidade perinatal quanto à dimensão do problema e sua extensão. MÉTODOS Estudo descritivo de tendência temporal com 10.994 óbitos perinatais, de mães residentes em Salvador, BA, com idade gestacional ≥ 22 semanas, idade do recém-nascido até seis dias e 500 g ou mais de peso ao nascer, registrados de 2000 a 2009. Utilizaram-se dados do Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do sitio eletrônico do Datasus/Ministério da Saúde. Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade perinatal e fetal/1.000 nascimentos e neonatal precoce/1.000 nascidos vivos. Aplicaram-se: teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson para diferenças em proporções, teste de sequências ( runs ), cálculo de médias móveis e coeficiente de determinação linear (R 2 ) para análise de tendência. Utilizou-se a classificação de Wigglesworth para causas de morte. RESULTADOS A taxa de mortalidade perinatal mostrou tendência decrescente, sendo reduzida em 42,0% no período (de 33,1 (2000) para 19,2 (2009)), com maior contribuição da taxa neonatal precoce (-56,3%). A mortalidade fetal representou grande proporção (61,9%) da taxa de mortalidade perinatal em 2009. A classificação dos óbitos apontou como causas mais frequentes de óbito perinatal: asfixia intraparto (8,8/1.000), imaturidade (7,1/1.000) e malformações congênitas (1,3/1.000). CONCLUSÕES Mesmo em declínio, a taxa de mortalidade perinatal continua elevada e o predomínio recente da mortalidade fetal indica mudança no perfil de causas e impacto nas ações de prevenção. A consulta pré-natal de qualidade com controle de riscos e melhoria da assistência ao parto pode reduzir a ocorrência de causas evitáveis.OBJETIVO Analizar la evolución de la mortalidad perinatal con relación a la dimensión del problema y su extensión. MÉTODOS Estudio descriptivo de tendencia temporal con 10.994 óbitos perinatales, de madres residentes en Salvador, BA, con edad de gestación ≥ 22 semanas, edad del recién nacido de máximo 6 días y más de 500 grs de peso al nacer, registrados de 2000 a 2009. Se utilizaron datos del Sistema de Informaciones de Nacidos Vivos y del Sistema de Informaciones de Mortalidad de la página electrónica del Datasus/Ministerio de la Salud. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad perinatal y fetal/1.000 nacimientos y neonatal precoz/1.000 nacidos vivos. Se aplicaron: prueba de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson para diferencias en proporciones, prueba de secuencias (runs), cálculo de promedios móviles y coeficiente de determinación linear (R2) para análisis de tendencia. Se utilizó la clasificación de Wigglesworth para causas de muerte. RESULTADOS La tasa de mortalidad perinatal mostró tendencia decreciente, reduciendo 42,0% en el período (de 33,1 (2000) para 19,2 (2009)), con mayor contribución de tasa neonatal precoz (-56,3%). La mortalidad fetal representó gran proporción (61,9%) de la tasa de mortalidad perinatal en 2009. La clasificación de los óbitos apuntó como causas más frecuentes de óbito perinatal: asfixia durante el parto (8,8/1.000), inmadurez (7,1/1.000) y malformaciones congénitas (1,3/1.000). CONCLUSIONES A pesar de estar disminuyendo, la tasa de mortalidad perinatal continua elevada y el predominio reciente de la mortalidad fetal indica cambio en el perfil de causas e impacto en las acciones de prevención. La consulta pre-natal de calidad con control de riesgos y mejoría de la asistencia en el parto pueden reducir la ocurrencia de causas evitables.OBJECTIVE To describe and analyze the evolution of perinatal mortality with regards the scale and extent of the problem. METHODS A descriptive time trend study with 10,994 perinatal deaths to mothers living in Salvador, Bahia, Northeastern Brazil, with a gestational age of ≥ 22 weeks, newborn age of up to six days and birth weight of 500 grams or more, recorded from 2000 to 2009. Data from the Information Systems on Live Births and Mortality of DATASUS/Ministry of Health available on the website were used. Rates of perinatal and fetal mortality per 1,000 births and early neonatal mortality per 1,000 live births were calculated. The Pearson’s Qui-square test for differences in proportions, sequence (runs) test, the calculation of moving averages and linear coefficient of determination (R 2 ) were used for trend analysis. The Wigglesworth classification of causes of death was used. RESULTS The rates of perinatal mortality showed a decreasing trend, of -42.0% in the period (from 33.1 (2000) to 19.2 (2009)), with a greater share of rates of neonatal mortality (-56.3%). Fetal mortality accounted for a large proportion (61.9%) of rates of perinatal mortality in 2009. The classification of deaths showed the following most frequent causes of perinatal deaths: intrapartum asphyxia (8.8/1,000), immaturity (7.1/1,000) and congenital malformations (1.3/1,000). CONCLUSIONS :Perinatal mortality remains high despite the downward trend, and the predominance of fetal mortality indicates recent changes in the profile of causes of death and impact on prevention activities. The quality of prenatal care with risk control and improving care during the delivery may reduce the occurrence of preventable causes of death

Gênero, sexualidade e saúde reprodutiva: a constituição de um novo campo na Saúde Coletiva

S198S19

Signal functions for measuring the ability of health facilities to provide abortion services: an illustrative analysis using a health facility census in Zambia

Background: Annually, around 44 million abortions are induced worldwide. Safe termination of pregnancy (TOP) services can reduce maternal mortality, but induced abortion is illegal or severely restricted in many countries. All abortions, particularly unsafe induced abortions, may require post-abortion care (PAC) services to treat complications and prevent future unwanted pregnancy. We used a signal-function approach to look at abortion care services and illustrated its utility with secondary data from Zambia. Methods: We refined signal functions for basic and comprehensive TOP and PAC services, including family planning (FP), and assessed functions currently being collected via multi-country facility surveys. We then used the 2005 Zambian Health Facility Census to estimate the proportion of 1369 health facilities that could provide TOP and PAC services under three scenarios. We linked facility and population data, and calculated the proportion of the Zambian population within reach of such services. Results: Relevant signal functions are already collected in five facility assessment tools. In Zambia, 30% of facilities could potentially offer basic TOP services, 3.7% comprehensive TOP services, 2.6% basic PAC services, and 0.3% comprehensive PAC services (four facilities). Capability was highest in hospitals, except for FP functions. Nearly two-thirds of Zambians lived within 15 km of a facility theoretically capable of providing basic TOP, and one-third within 15 km of comprehensive TOP services. However, requiring three doctors for non-emergency TOP, as per Zambian law, reduced potential access to TOP services to 30% of the population. One-quarter lived within 15 km of basic PAC and 13% of comprehensive PAC services. In a scenario not requiring FP functions, one-half and one-third of the population were within reach of basic and comprehensive PAC respectively. There were huge urban-rural disparities in access to abortion care services. Comprehensive PAC services were virtually unavailable to the rural population. Conclusions: Secondary data from facility assessments can highlight gaps in abortion service provision and coverage, but it is necessary to consider TOP and PAC separately. This approach, especially when combined with population data using geographic coordinates, can also be used to model the impact of various policy scenarios on access, such as requiring three medical doctors for non-emergency TOP. Data collection instruments could be improved with minor modifications and used for multi-country comparisons

Healthy lifestyle behaviors and the periodicity of mammography screening in brazilian women

INTRODUCTION: Certain behaviors have been associated with health promotion, including mammography screening, in women worldwide. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between the periodicity of mammography screening and healthy lifestyle behaviors in Brazilian women employed at a public university in Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 635 women of 50–69 years of age at the time of the interview, from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health cohort who were resident in Bahia, participated in the study. Data were collected using a multidimensional questionnaire that included questions on participants’ sociodemographic characteristics and health-related behaviors (smoking, alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity and diet) and another questionnaire that dealt with risk factors and breast cancer screening. Measures of association were calculated using simple and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The practice of physical activity, not smoking, moderate alcohol consumption and a healthy diet were the health behaviors most adopted by the women who had last had a mammogram ⩽2 years previously (which is in line with the interval recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health). A statistically significant association was found between a lapse of ⩾3 years since last undergoing mammography screening and excessive alcohol consumption, while a borderline association was found between the same screening interval and leisure-time physical inactivity. CONCLUSION: There was an association between lifestyle risk behaviors and a longer time interval between mammography screenings. The present results contribute to the debate on the use of mammography, lifestyle behaviors and health promotion among women

Ethical issues in longitudinal studies: the case of ELSA-Brasil

Historicamente a discussão acerca da eticidade dos atos em pesquisas com seres humanos privilegiou os estudos experimentais, pelo maior potencial de danos aos sujeitos envolvidos. Todavia, os estudos observacionais também envolvem riscos e suscitam questões relevantes. Neste artigo pretende-se apresentar e discutir aspectos éticos do desenvolvimento do ELSA-Brasil, um estudo longitudinal e multicêntrico, com financiamento público, no qual os sujeitos da pesquisa e pesquisadores pertencem às mesmas instituições. São descritos os procedimentos adotados para atender às exigências e compromissos éticos e a casuística que orientou as ações segundo seus princípios norteadores (beneficência, autonomia e justiça social). São apresentados alguns problemas morais que exigiram ponderação sobre riscos e benefícios na confluência com os objetivos do estudo e comentam-se peculiaridades de um estudo longitudinal e seus potenciais benefícios.The debate about ethics in research with human beings has historically emphasized experimental studies because of their greater potential to harm the subjects involved. However, observational studies also include risks and relevant questions to be discussed. This article aims to present and discuss the ethical aspects involved in the implementation of ELSA-Brasil, a longitudinal multicenter study, with public funding, in which the research subjects and investigators are employees of the same institutions. The procedures adopted to meet the ethical requirements and commitments are described, as well as the casuistics that guided the actions according to their guiding principles (beneficence, autonomy and social justice). We present some moral problems that required consideration of risks and benefits at the confluence with the study's objectives, and we conclude with comments on the peculiarities and the potential benefits of a longitudinal study

Doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no Brasil: prioridade para enfrentamento e investigação

Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases are the main source of disease burden in Brazil. In 2011, the Brazilian Ministry of Health launched the Strategic Plan of Action for Management of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases focusing on population-based interventions to manage cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases mainly through fighting tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity and the harmful use of alcohol. Although a significant number of scientific studies on chronic diseases and their risk factors have been undertaken in Brazil, few are of cohort design. In this context, the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a cohort study of 15,105 Brazilian public servants reflects the reality of high prevalences of diabetes, hypertension and the main chronic diseases risk factors. The diversity of information that the Study will produce can provide important input to better understand the causes of chronic diseases and to support public policies for fighting them.Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles representan la mayor carga de morbimortalidad en Brasil. En 2011, el Ministerio de Salud Brasileño lanzó un Plan de Acciones Estratégicas para Enfrentar las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, enfatizando acciones poblacionales para controlar las enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes, cáncer y enfermedad respiratoria crónica, predominantemente por el control del cigarro, inactividad física, alimentación inadecuada y uso perjudicial de alcohol. A pesar de la producción científica significativa sobre tales enfermedades y sus factores de riesgo en Brasil, pocos son los estudios de cohorte en este tema. En este contexto, el Estudio Longitudinal de la Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) acompaña 15.105 servidores públicos del país. Sus datos reflejan la realidad brasileña de altas prevalencias de diabetes e hipertensión y de los factores de riesgo. La diversidad de las informaciones producidas permitirá profundizar el entendimiento causal de tales enfermedades y subsidiar políticas públicas para enfrentarlas.As Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis representam a maior carga de morbimortalidade no Brasil. Em 2011, o Ministério da Saúde lançou seu Plano de Ações Estratégicas para o Enfrentamento das Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis, enfatizando ações populacionais para controlar as doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes, câncer e doença respiratória crônica, predominantemente pelo controle do fumo, inatividade física, alimentação inadequada e uso prejudicial de álcool. Apesar da produção científica significativa sobre essas doenças e seus fatores de risco no Brasil, poucos são os estudos de coorte nessa temática. Nesse contexto, o Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) acompanha 15.105 servidores públicos do País. Seus dados espelham a realidade brasileira de altas prevalências de diabetes e hipertensão e dos fatores de risco. A diversidade das informações produzidas permitirá aprofundar o entendimento causal dessas doenças e subsidiar políticas públicas para seu enfrentamento