Mahan\u27s Forebears; The Debate over Maritime Strategy, 1868-1883

Between 1868 and 1883, a number of American naval officers of various ranks, lamenting their service\u27s decline, began to promote advanced military ship designs and equipment through organized publicity. They wrote articles, held lectures, and formed organizations that eventually helped to persuade Congress and the Department iof the Navy to re-create the fleet

Reconciling the Rule of Law: Rights and Punishment

There is an intractable paradox in the relation between rights and criminal punishment. Criminal punishment frequently conflicts with rights; people typically have identical rights within a legal system, yet the punished are unable to exercise the rights to the same extent as other people. But criminal punishment, in conjunction with criminal laws, also operates to protect rights. To clarify the tension between rights and punishment, I start by analyzing the content and purpose of rights. Next I discuss the nature of rules and the particular types of rules that make up a typical “systems of rules.” I then argue that legal systems are a form of a system of rules, and consider how rights and the laws of criminal punishment belong to different categories of rules. Normally these categories of rules complement one another; while this holds true in the case of rights and punishments, they have attributes that inevitably bring them into conflict. I take some time to examine the theory of right forfeiture because it purports to explain away the discrepancy between rights and punishment, but I conclude that the theory essentially misunderstands rights. Finally, I put forward some broad guidelines for reducing the collision between punishment and rights, while acknowledging that these two kinds of laws will never be entirely compatible

Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Dengan Ketepatan Pemilihan Obat Influenza Pada Mahasiswa Farmasi UMS

Influenza merupakan self limiting disease yang dapat menyerang setiap orang tanpa mengenal usia dan jenis kelamin. Salah satu upaya pengobatan yang paling sering dilakukan untuk mengobati penyakit ini adalah dengan tindakan swamedikasi. Pengetahuan yang baik sangat diperlukan agar tindakan swamedikasi berjalan baik sehingga tecapai tujuan pengobatan yang diinginkan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan ketepatan pemilihan obat influenza pada mahasiswa Farmasi UMS. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode cross sectional menggunakan kuesioner terhadap 100 mahasiswa Farmasi yang pernah atau sedang melakukan swamedikasi influenza. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive quota sampling. Analisis data secara deskriptif dilakukan dengan uji chi square. Hasil penelitian katagori baik sekali untuk pengetahuan sebesar 46%, dan baik sebesar 33%. Hasil ketepatan pemilihan obat 76% belum tepat berdasarkan kerasionalannya. Hasil pengujian chi square menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan mahasiswa Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta terhadap ketepatan pemilihan obat influenza dengan nilai p = 0,109

Coalition Resilient Outcomes in Max k-Cut Games

We investigate strong Nash equilibria in the \emph{max $k$-cut game}, where we are given an undirected edge-weighted graph together with a set $\{1,\ldots, k\}$ of $k$ colors. Nodes represent players and edges capture their mutual interests. The strategy set of each player $v$ consists of the $k$ colors. When players select a color they induce a $k$-coloring or simply a coloring. Given a coloring, the \emph{utility} (or \emph{payoff}) of a player $u$ is the sum of the weights of the edges $\{u,v\}$ incident to $u$, such that the color chosen by $u$ is different from the one chosen by $v$. Such games form some of the basic payoff structures in game theory, model lots of real-world scenarios with selfish agents and extend or are related to several fundamental classes of games. Very little is known about the existence of strong equilibria in max $k$-cut games. In this paper we make some steps forward in the comprehension of it. We first show that improving deviations performed by minimal coalitions can cycle, and thus answering negatively the open problem proposed in \cite{DBLP:conf/tamc/GourvesM10}. Next, we turn our attention to unweighted graphs. We first show that any optimal coloring is a 5-SE in this case. Then, we introduce $x$-local strong equilibria, namely colorings that are resilient to deviations by coalitions such that the maximum distance between every pair of nodes in the coalition is at most $x$. We prove that $1$-local strong equilibria always exist. Finally, we show the existence of strong Nash equilibria in several interesting specific scenarios.Comment: A preliminary version of this paper will appear in the proceedings of the 45th International Conference on Current Trends in Theory and Practice of Computer Science (SOFSEM'19

‘It’s too late’. Is it really? Considerations for amblyopia treatment in older children

In recent years, media coverage has demonstrated instances in which families of children aged 7 and older, newly diagnosed with strabismic and/or anisometropic amblyopia through community eyecare services, were told it was ‘too late’ for their child to effectively respond to conventional amblyopia treatment (occlusion or atropine penalisation). Formal guidance pertaining to binocular vision anomalies from eyecare professional bodies does not specifically make reference to a child’s age, beyond stating the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of strabismus/amblyopia. However, there have been many changes in the way we view the recovery period for amblyopia, and it is well demonstrated both within literature and clinical practice that conventional treatment can improve amblyopic eye visual acuity in children beyond the age of 7 years. The occurrence of these media described cases within the community eyecare sphere would suggest it is worthwhile revisiting the literature on the subject of amblyopia treatment in older children (aged 7+ years), to address misconceptions and place in the spotlight current considerations facing clinicians when treating newly diagnosed amblyopia within this age group. This perspective review provides an evidence-based update covering the various considerations associated with treatment of amblyopia in older children, along with recent amblyopia treatment advances that could have an impact on treatment prospects for this patient group. Considerations include the risks, benefits and efficacy of treating newly diagnosed amblyopia in older children, monitoring density of suppression to mitigate intractable diplopia risk, and recent findings regarding binocular treatments for amblyopia

Filial factors of kwashiorkor survival in urban Ghana: Rediscovering the roles of the extended family

This paper discusses the findings of two field studies in urban Accra, Ghana that investigated the social and familial factors that were associated with survival of childhood kwashiorkor, a protein-caloric deficiency form of malnutrition that is endemic in that nation. Data was collected from qualitative interviews with family groups that included teenaged survivors of kwashiorkor, and the adults who were involved in the young person’s childhood rearing, including those who were  responsible for compliance with the Ghana Ministry of Health malnutrition  rehabilitation effort. Extensive interviews were documented in audio and video tape and field notes by a team that included the fields of social work, public health, nursing and sociology. All members of the participating families who were involved in the data collection were offered compensation for their time as well as full protection of privacy through the human subjects informed consent protocol and oversight of the University of Ghana, Eastern Michigan University and Wayne State University. The findings included reporting of a consistently critical role of the grandmothers and other senior women in the family units. The senior women either managed the economics and maintenance of the extended household, or took  principal responsibility for sustaining the malnourished children’s participation in rehabilitation efforts. In some cases, the mothers were deceased and two or more senior women in the family carried out roles of parenting as well as familial  economic support and coordination of care for the afflicted child. The findings  suggest that full compliance with rehabilitation efforts for a single mother with multiple children and no extended familial support system would be very difficult and more likely to result in non-compliance and failure of the child to survive.   Suggestions are offered for family oriented, community health education regarding the irony of this form of malnutrition being endemic in communities that do not lack appropriate food. Implications for increased recognition and support for the elderly and senior family members to enhance child survival are discussed within the  context of changing social and epidemiological profiles of urban centers in Ghana and elsewhere among developing nations of sub- Saharan Africa.Keywords: Kwashiorkor, Malnutrition, Rehabilitation compliance, Grandmothers, Endemic malnutritio