The Investigation of Combustion and Emissions of Jp8 Fuel in an Auxiliary Power Unit

The US Army Single Fuel Forward policy mandates that deployed vehicles must be able to operate with aviation fuel JP-8. It is for this reason that it is vital that an investigation into the impact of JP-8 on a diesel engine performance be conducted. The author investigated the injection, combustion, and performance of JP-8, 20-50% by weight in diesel no. 2 mixtures in a small indirect injection, 77mm separate three vortex combustion chamber engine, with a high compression ratio, in order to evaluate its\u27 effectiveness for application in Auxiliary Power Units (APUs). The new fuel mixtures were created at room temperature. For proper injection, the diesel engine requires a fuel viscosity between 1-10cSt, therefore, the new fuel can contain up to 100% JP-8 (J-100). This was verified by the piston-plunger type pump injection system. All blends were shown to have a good ignition with the ignition delay remaining constant in correlation with the amount of JP-8. The heat release for all blends displayed a similar development compared with the diesel fuel, the premixed phase being combined diffusion combustion. The maximum combustion pressure remained relatively constant for all fuel blends. The maximum temperature shifts later in the crank angle as JP-8 percentage increases, all the while retaining a higher temperature for a longer duration. The exhaust temperatures remained relatively constant for all blends. The heat flux in the engine cylinder showed similar values for all fuels, while the cylinder heat losses were at a minimum during combustion before TDC with increased convection losses at TDC for all fuels and first part of power stroke. The heat losses associated with the system increased slightly with the addition of JP-8 without any shifts extending for the duration of cycle. The engine investigation demonstrated that up to 50% JP-8 by weight in diesel can be injected and burnt in a diesel engine at a residence time of 5ms from the start of injection, while maintaining the overall efficiency performance. The study validates that the JP-8 is an excellent source for power generation in a diesel APU (auxiliary power unit) based on its combustion characteristics

Kematian Manusia Sebagai Inspirasi Dalam Seni Grafis

Kematian adalah suatu peristiwa yang paling hebat yang pasti akan terjadi atas diri manusia, melupakan mati atau tidak mengingat mati adalah suatu sikap yang tidak bertanggungjawab dari sudut pandang Islam. Semua manusia akan menemui kematian dalam hidupnya, ini adalah suatu kenyataan yang terjadi pada manusia. Maka persiapan menghadapi kematian menjadi penting dipertimbangkan untuk mendapatkan kebahagiaan dunia dan akhirat. Dalam kesenian, pesan-pesan agama, hubungan antara seni dan religi saling jalin menjalin sepanjang sejarah kehidupan manusia. Seni selalu hadir dalam setiap peradaban Islam, seperti, masjisd Nabawi di Madinah al Munawwarah yang sangat indah, atau penyampaian melalui lukisan “Arasbaque” dan karya seni lainnya. Konsep perwujudan dengan bentuk Tengkorak dan anatomi kerangka tulang manusia sebagai simbol yang dapat mewakili ide tentang kematian manusia, dipadu dengan objek pendukung lain dimaksudkan agar ilustrasi yang ingin dicapai dapat tersampaikan pesan dan makna ke dalam karya seni grafis. Dengan menggunakan teknik cetak saring atau serigrafi dalam visualisasinya dapat mendukung atau menghasilkan perwujudan karya yang maksimal sesuai dengan cita rasa, fantasi pengalaman estetis, dan kemampuan artistik yang diinginkan. Semua yang terjadi dari proses pembuatan karya seni Tugas Akhir ini merupakan respon atau tanggapan penulis terhadap seluruh permasalahan yang penulis alami dan amati atas realita yang terjadi di lingkungan sekitar. Penulis mencoba merefleksikan pengalaman pribadi penulis ke dalam karya-karya tugas akhir ini

Performance of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fueled by a Heavy Oil with the Addiction of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Polymer

Considering the escalating cost of fossil fuels in correlation with the growing influence of sustainability, the need to seek new alternative fuels is increasing rapidly. This movement has lead researchers to look beyond the usual alternative fuels and focus on plastics as an energy resource in the form of a low density polyethylene (LDPE) used throughout the global community. The authors investigated the injection and combustion of a new class of polymer fuel containing 5% LDPE by weight in a heavy fuel oil (AHFO) in a direct injection diesel engine, in order to evaluate its effectiveness for application as a new alternative fuel. The analysis occurred at 1200 rpm, under loads that ranged from BMEP 1.4-6.04 bar. In order to maintain the fuel’s viscosity around 20 cSt the fuel was heated at 130-150 °C. The smoke (bosch) and emission analysis were also performed and provided promising results in terms of engine performance. This suggests that the feedstock of LDPE may be a viable substitute for AHFO for application in a diesel engine with the addressing of the technical challenges associated with the injection system operation

IT Autonomous Vehicles: Playing the Blame Game

This presentation was given during the Georgia Southern University College of Engineering and Information Technology Research Symposium

Performance of JP-8 in a Small Bore Indirect Injection Diesel Engine for APU Applications

Recent legislation entitled “The Single Fuel Forward Policy” mandates that all vehicles deployed by the US military be operable with aviation fuel (JP-8). Therefore, the authors are conducting an investigation into the influence of JP-8 on a diesel engine\u27s performance. The injection, combustion, and performance of JP-8, 20-50% by weight in ULSD (diesel no.2) mixtures (J20-J50) produced at room temperature, were investigated in a small indirect injection, high compression ratio (24.5), 77mm separate combustion chamber diesel engine. The effectiveness of JP8 for application in an auxiliary power unit (APU) at continuous operation (100% load) of 4.78bar bmep/2400rpm was investigated. The blends had an ignition delay of approximately 1.02ms that increased slightly in relation to the amount of JP-8 introduced. J50 and diesel no.2 exhibited similar characteristics of heat release, the premixed phase being combined with the diffusion combustion. The maximum combustion pressure remained relatively constant for all blends, 71.7bar for diesel and increased slightly by 0.68bar for J50, with the peak pressure position being delayed by 0.3CAD for the J50. The instantaneous volume-averaged gas combustion temperature reached 2263K for all blends; displaying a 0.8CAD delay in the position of the maximum temperature and retaining the higher temperature for a longer duration for J50. The heat flux in the engine cylinder exhibited comparable maximum values for all blends (diesel: 2.17MW/m2, J50: 2.16MW/m2). The cylinder heat losses were at a minimum during combustion before TDC with increased convection losses at TDC for all fuels and the beginning of the power stroke. The BSFC for diesel no.2 was 257.4(g/kW*hr.) and decreased by 2% for J50. The engine\u27s mechanical efficiency remained relatively constant for all blends at 75.6%. Taking into account each fuel\u27s corresponding density, the engines\u27 overall efficiency increased with the addition of the JP-8 by 3% for J50 vs. diesel. This engine investigation demonstrated that up to 50% JP-8 by weight in diesel fuel can be injected and burnt in this small bore indirect injection diesel engine at a residence time of approximately 5ms from the start of injection, while maintaining the engine\u27s overall efficiency. The study validates JP-8 as a valid source for power generation in a small bore IDI engine based on its combustion characteristics. The next stage of research will be an in depth emissions investigation

Oleic Methyl Ester Investigations in an Indirect Injection Diesel Engine; Stage One: Combustion Investigations

The authors investigated the injection and combustion characteristics of a methyl oleate (Methyl 9(Z)-octadecenoate C19H36O2; Mw 296.495), in blends with diesel No. 2 of 20-50% (wt./wt.) in order to evaluate the possibility of using it as an additive to full-bodied biodiesel for performance improvement. The FAME test fuel has been injected in an experimental single-cylinder separate combustion chamber engine with 77 mm bore, with a compression ratio of 23.5:1 at a pressure of 147 bars that proved capable of atomizing the higher viscosity fuel. The diesel fuel was blended with Methyl Oleate up to 50%, (O50) and the mixtures have shown favorable ignition characteristics, with the ignition delay of about 1.03 ms for petroleum diesel (D100) and slightly decreased for O50 at 2000 rpm with about 1% or 0.01 ms. The heat release rate for O50 displayed a similar development compared with the reference diesel fuel, the premixed combustion phase being combined with the diffusion combustion and reaching a maximum of 17.5 J/deg for diesel versus 15.5 J/deg for O50. Maximum combustion pressure was approximately 73 bars for diesel compared with 75 bars for the O50 fuel, while the diesel instantaneous volume-averaged gas temperature reached 2120 K versus 2150 K for the O50. The total heat flux calculated by Annand model produced values of 2.05MW/m₂ for diesel fuel compared with 2.07 MW/m₂ for O50. The convection flux for both petroleum diesel and 50% oleic FAME in diesel blend had values of 1.5 MW/m₂, and a maximum radiation flux of about 0.66 MW/m₂ for diesel versus 0.70 MW/m₂ for oleic FAME. Based on the heat fluxes, the heat loss in convection and radiation for both fuels throughout the cycle showed similar values, negligible during the combustion around TDC and increased losses during the power stroke especially from the convection phenomenon. The engine\u27s mechanical efficiency with oleic FAME showed lower values than that in diesel combustion of 78% versus 86% at 4.78 bmep (100% load) while the engine overall efficiency obtained with any blend including diesel was constant at 32%. The study showed that the new biodiesel produced from methyl oleate proposed by the authors has favorable combustion properties and very similar to those of diesel No. 2 showing good prospects as performance improver

Combustion Analysis of Peanut FAME Blends in an IDI Engine and the Influence of its Primary Fatty Acid Components on the Fuel Characteristics

This paper was published in the Proceedings of the SAE International PFL Meeting