Effective Weather Messaging: Applying the Bad News Response Model to Hurricane Warnings

Sweeny and Shepperd (2007, 2009) proposed the Bad News Response Model (BNRM), outlining three effective responses (i.e., Watchful Waiting, Active Change, Acceptance) as a function of the perceived controllability, likelihood, and severity of bad news. In the current study, we have adapted the BNRM, previously used in health-related scenarios, to explore the relationship between message content and responses in the context of hurricane warnings. Participants viewed hurricane warnings manipulated by severity (Category 1 vs. Category 5) and the inclusion of call-to-action statements (CTAs). The present study attempted to evaluate the effects of severity and controllability on participants’ engagement in desirable response types. We found that individuals chose Active Change more frequently when the severity was high. However, the situational factors did not significantly affect preferences for Watchful Waiting and Acceptance. The lack of significant severity and controllability effects were likely due, in part, to our small sample size, which severely underpowered the study. Also, individuals may have misinterpreted the intended manipulations. Thus, further research is necessary to provide more insight into the communication of weather, encourage appropriate preparations for approaching storms, and inform potential policy changes for weather reporting

Twentyâ fiveâ year trajectories of insulin resistance and pancreatic βâ cell response and diabetes risk in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Background & AimsInsulin resistance is a risk marker for nonâ alcoholic fatty liver disease, and a risk factor for liver disease progression. We assessed temporal trajectories of insulin resistance and βâ cell response to serum glucose concentration throughout adulthood and their association with diabetes risk in nonâ alcoholic fatty liver disease.MethodsThree thousand and sixty participants from Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, a prospective biâ racial cohort of adults age 18â 30 years at baseline (1985â 1986; Y0) who completed up to 5 exams over 25 years and had fasting insulin and glucose measurement were included. At Y25 (2010â 2011), nonâ alcoholic fatty liver disease was assessed by noncontrast computed tomography after exclusion of other liver fat causes. Latent mixture modelling identified 25â year trajectories in homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance and βâ cell response homeostatic model assessmentâ β.ResultsThree distinct trajectories were identified, separately, for homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (lowâ stable [47%]; moderateâ increasing [42%]; and highâ increasing [12%]) and homeostatic model assessmentâ β (lowâ decreasing [16%]; moderateâ decreasing [63%]; and highâ decreasing [21%]). Y25 nonâ alcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence was 24.5%. Among nonâ alcoholic fatty liver disease, highâ increasing homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (referent: lowâ stable) was associated with greater prevalent (OR 95% CI = 8.0, 2.0â 31.9) and incident (OR = 10.5, 2.6â 32.8) diabetes after multivariable adjustment including Y0 or Y25 homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance. In contrast, nonâ alcoholic fatty liver disease participants with lowâ decreasing homeostatic model assessmentâ β (referent: highâ decreasing) had the highest odds of prevalent (OR = 14.1, 3.9â 50.9) and incident (OR = 10.3, 2.7â 39.3) diabetes.ConclusionTrajectories of insulin resistance and βâ cell response during young and middle adulthood are robustly associated with diabetes risk in nonâ alcoholic fatty liver disease. Thus, how persons with nonâ alcoholic fatty liver disease develop resistance to insulin provides important information about risk of diabetes in midlife above and beyond degree of insulin resistance at the time of nonâ alcoholic fatty liver disease assessment.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146427/1/liv13747_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146427/2/liv13747.pd

Using brain cell-type-specific protein interactomes to interpret neurodevelopmental genetic signals in schizophrenia

Genetics have nominated many schizophrenia risk genes and identified convergent signals between schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, functional interpretation of the nominated genes in the relevant brain cell types is often lacking. We executed interaction proteomics for six schizophrenia risk genes that have also been implicated in neurodevelopment in human induced cortical neurons. The resulting protein network is enriched for common variant risk of schizophrenia in Europeans and East Asians, is down-regulated in layer 5/6 cortical neurons of individuals affected by schizophrenia, and can complement fine-mapping and eQTL data to prioritize additional genes in GWAS loci. A sub-network centered on HCN1 is enriched for common variant risk and contains proteins (HCN4 and AKAP11) enriched for rare protein-truncating mutations in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Our findings showcase brain cell-type-specific interactomes as an organizing framework to facilitate interpretation of genetic and transcriptomic data in schizophrenia and its related disorders.</p

4-H (Head, Heart, Hands and Health): Reaching Urban Youth Through Sustainable, Inclusive Youth Network Development Programs

As the nation’s largest, youth non-profit organization, 4-H (Head, Heart, Hands, and Health) has been an integral part of the United States farming community for over 100 years. 4-H was created to bring advances in agricultural technology to community farmers through mentoring youth in applying new ideas so they could learn more about the industries in their community. The organization’s 21st century goals include reaching out to all youth: rural, urban, and suburban in every state in the nation. The presentation focuses on the need for 4-H to improve upon their key weaknesses which were identified through an indepth Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis of the 4-H organization. Almost six million 4-H youth members have addressed issues, such as community health inequities, civil discourse, and equity and inclusion for all. Yet, the analysis demonstrated that 4-H is still struggling to reach urban youth. The analysis further showcases that by missing out on these 4-H opportunities, the urban youth are also missing out on critical programs that aid in increasing their confidence levels, leadership abilities, and critical thinking skills through hands-on learning programs. Independence in agriculture and hydroponics, bio-fuels, waste management, and fibers for clothing are just some examples that the extension programs can teach in urban communities. The presentation will demonstrate how beneficial youth networks can be formed and funded to meet these 21st century sustainable organizational needs

Pandemic Partnerships: Community/University Experiences with Community-Based Learning in the COVID-19 Era

Background: COVID-19 inevitably affected community-based learning. Though the literature has begun to explore the impact on higher education and community partners, more information is needed about how their partnerships have been operating. Purpose: This study investigated the perspectives of both community partners (n = 145) and higher education institutions (n = 62). Top challenges to community-based learning and ways partnerships have changed during the COVID-19 pandemic were explored. Methodology/Approach: A cross-sectional qualitative design was used to comprehend COVID-19\u27s impact on community-based learning. The researchers used an online survey with responses collected from Fall 2020 to Spring 2021. Findings/Conclusions: The top challenges for community-based learning included concerns about the pandemic, collaboration, and resources. Challenges specific to each stakeholder group (i.e., higher education and community partners) were also identified. Specifically in the wake of COVID-19, the most frequently discussed pandemic-related changes were the disruption of partnerships (cessation/postponement or extensive changes) and interaction changes (amount or modality of communication). However, some discussed being able to maintain or improve partnerships. Implications: Additional consideration is needed among service-learning stakeholders for adapting projects, addressing power differentials, and improving communication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Partnerships may use these insights to inform their own adaptations

Effects of continuous and intermittent reinforcement for problem behavior during functional communication training.

We evaluated the effectiveness of functional communication training (FCT) in reducing problem behavior and in strengthening alternative behavior when FCT was implemented without extinction. Following the completion of functional analyses in which social-positive reinforcement was identified as the maintaining variable for 5 participants' self-injurious behavior (SIB) and aggression, the participants were first exposed to FCT in which both problem behavior and alternative behavior were reinforced continuously (i.e., on fixed-ratio [FR] 1 schedules). During subsequent FCT conditions, the schedule of reinforcement for problem behavior was made more intermittent (e.g., FR 2, FR 3, FR 5, etc.), whereas alternative behavior was always reinforced according to an FR 1 schedule. Results showed that 1 participant's problem behavior decreased and alternative behavior increased during FCT when both behaviors were reinforced on FR 1 schedules. The remaining 4 participants shifted response allocation from problem to alternative behavior as the schedule of reinforcement for problem behavior became more intermittent. These results suggest that individuals might acquire alternative responses during FCT in spite of inconsistencies in the application of extinction, although even small errors in reinforcement may compromise treatment effects

TRAINING PRESCHOOL CHILDREN TO USE VISUAL IMAGINING AS A PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY FOR COMPLEX CATEGORIZATION TASKS

It has been suggested that verbally sophisticated individuals engage in a series of precurrent behaviors (e.g., covert intraverbal behavior, grouping stimuli, visual imagining) to solve problems such as answering questions (Palmer, 1991; Skinner, 1953). We examined the effects of one problem solving strategy—visual imagining—on increasing responses to intraverbal categorization questions. Participants were 4 typically developing preschoolers between the ages of 4 and 5 years. Visual imagining training was insufficient to produce a substantial increase in target responses. It was not until the children were prompted to use the visual imagining strategy that a large and immediate increase in the number of target responses was observed. The number of prompts did not decrease until the children were given a rule describing the use of the visual imagining strategy. Within-session response patterns indicated that none of the children used visual imagining prior to being prompted to do so and that use of the strategy continued after introduction of the rule. These results were consistent for 3 of 4 children. Within-session response patterns suggested that the 4th child occasionally imagined when prompted to do so, but the gains were not maintained. The results are discussed in terms of Skinner's analysis of problem solving and the development of visual imagining

Association between coronary artery calcium and thoracic spine bone mineral density: Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background and aimsPreviously, osteoporosis and coronary artery disease were considered unrelated. However, beyond age, these two conditions appear to share common etiologies that are not yet fully understood. We examined the relationship between thoracic spine bone mineral density (BMD) and severity of coronary artery calcium (CAC) score.Methods and resultsMESA is a prospective cohort study of 6814 men and women between the ages of 45 and 84 years, without clinical cardiovascular disease. This study included participants who underwent non-contrast chest CT scans to determine CAC score and thoracic spine BMD. The thoracic spine BMD was categorized into osteoporosis (defined as T score: ≤ -2.5), osteopenia (T-score between: -2.5 and -1) and normal BMD (T-score&nbsp;≥&nbsp;-1). There were 3392 subjects who had CAC &gt;0&nbsp;at baseline. The prevalence of CAC &gt;0 was 36% in normal BMD group, 49% in the osteopenia and 68% in osteoporosis group. After adjusting for risk factors of atherosclerosis, in multivariate regression models we found a significant association between CAC and osteoporosis (OR: 1.40, 95% CI 1.16-1.69, p value&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.0004). Furthermore, we stratified our results by gender and found a statistically significant association in both men and women.ConclusionResults from this cross-sectional analysis of a large population based ethnically diverse cohort indicate a significant inverse relationship between thoracic BMD and CAC in both genders independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. Future studies need to explore the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms relating BMD and coronary artery calcification