Natural polysulfides- reactive sulfur species from Allium with applications in medicine and agriculture

Natural sulfur compounds from plants, bacteria, fungi and animals frequently exhibit interesting biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity. Considering the recent developments in medicine (e.g. oxidative stress in ageing, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and selective anticancer agents) and Agriculture (e.g. \u27green\u27; pesticides), several of these compounds have become the focus of interdisciplinary research. Among the various sulfur agents isolated to date, polysulfides, such as diallyltrisulfide, diallyltetrasulfide (from garlic) and dipropyltrisulfide, dipropyltetrasulfide (from onion), are of particular interest, since they combine an unusual chemistry and biochemical mode(s) of action with a distinct biological activity, which includes antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity against certain cancer cells. As part of this PhD thesis, the activity of diallyltrisulfide and diallyltetrasulfide against the fairly \u27robust\u27; Caco-2 colon cancer cell line and induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in U937 cells have been confirmed. Accordingly, diallyltetrasulfide triggered the programmed cancer cell death- both via the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. Similarly, these polysulfides showed a good activity in nematode toxicity assays considering them as potential green nematicides. Controls with the long chain carbon analogue 1,9-decadiene eliminate the possibility of solely lipophilic effects of diallyltetrasulfide and, together with the \u27ranking\u27; of activity, point toward a special sulfur redox chemistry which emerges when shifting from the di- to the trisulfide. The electrochemical studies and thiol oxidation assays, however, count against the notion of diallyltrisulfide and diallyltetrasulfide as effective oxidants. On the contrary, the rather negative oxidation and reduction potentials associated with these agents point toward a reducing chemistry, which is confirmed in the Nitrotetrazolium Blue assay. It is therefore likely that diallyltrisulfide and diallyltetrasulfide are reduced inside the cancer cells to perthiols and hydropolysulfides, which in turn trigger a lethal oxidative burst via superoxide radical anion formation. Further interdisciplinary studies are required to investigate in more detail the rather complicated chemical and biochemical processes which ultimately may explain the biological activity which is clearly associated with many natural polysulfides.Natürliche Schwefelverbindungen von Pflanzen, Bakterien, Pilzen und Tieren zeigen oft interessante biologische Aktivitäten, wie antioxidative, antimikrobiale und Antikrebs-Wirkungen. Angesichts der derzeitigen Entwicklung in Medizin (z.B. oxidativer Stress beim Alterungsprozess, gegen Antibiotika resistente Bakterien und selektive Antikrebs-Mittel) und Landwirtschaft (z.B. "grüne" Pestizide) haben verschiedene dieser Verbindungen ein besondeses Augenmerk in interdisziplinärer Forschung erhalten. Unter diversen bislang isolierten Schwefel-Agenzien sind Polysulfide, wie Diallyltrisulfid, Diallyltetrasulfid (von Knoblauch), so wie Dipropyltrisulfid und Dipropyltetrasulfid (von Zwiebeln) von besonderem Interesse, und diese Verbindungen vereinen eine ungewöhnliche Chemie und biochemische Wirkungsweise mit einer ausgeprägten biologischen Aktivität, welche antimikrobiale Aktivität and Zytotoxizität gegenüber bestimmten Krebszellen umfasst, Als Teil dieser Dissertation wurde die Aktivität von Diallyltrisulfid und Diallyltetrasulfid gegen die "robuste" Caco-2 Darmkrebs-Zellinie, so wie die Induktion von Apoptose und Zellzyklus-Arrest in U937-Zellen bestätigt. Dementsprechend löst Diallyltetrasulfid programmierten Zelltod über den extrinsischen als auch den intrinsischen Weg aus. Gleichermaßen zeigten diese Polysulfide eine gute Aktivität im Nematoden-Toxizitäts-Assay, welches sie als potenzielle grüne Nematizide im Betracht ziehen lässt. Durch Kontrollen mit dem langkettigen Kohlenstoff-Analogen 1,9-Decadien lässt sich die Möglichkeit der alleinigen lipophilen Effekte von Diallytetrasulfid ausschließen, was zusammen mit dem "Ranking" der Aktivitäten auf eine besondere Schwefel-Redoxchemie hindeutet, wie sie beim Übergang vom Di- zum Trisulfid auftritt. Die elektrochemischen Studien und Thiol-Oxidations-Assays sprechen gegen Diallyltrisulfid und Diallyltetrasulfid als effektive Oxidantien. Im Gegensatz, die eher negativen Oxidations- und Reduktionspotentiale deuten auf eine Reduktionschemie hin, welches durch das Nitrotetrazoliumblau-Assay bestätigt wurde. Deshalb ist es wahrscheinlich, dass Diallyltrisulfid und Diallyltetrasulfid in Krebszellen zu Perthiolen und Hydropolysulfiden reduziert werden, die wiederum einen letalen oxidativen Burst durch Superoxid-Radikalanionen-Bildung auslösen

Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Member of OIC Countries

This study examines the causal relationship between economic growth, renewable energy consumption and oil prices using the data of 29 OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation) countries. The data are taken from 1990 to 2014. The study applies panel co-integration and causality in order to evaluate the long run and the causal relationship between the variables. Additionally, the empirical results suggest the existence of co-integration between the variables. The impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth is positive and significant. The panel granger causality reveals the unidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption, oil prices and economic growth

NUTRITIONAL AND MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF DATES IN THE LIGHT OF QURAN, HADITH, AND MEDICAL SCIENCE

The date palm is a historic plant in the history of Islam that has been grown for ages in the Arab deserts for its consumable fruit. Fruits contain a lot of calories, dietary fiber, and several vital vitamins and minerals. Palm fruits are abundant in minerals, lipids, and protein and are a great source of dietary fiber. In this research paper, we will examine how dates are utilized in ancient medical practices to treat a variety of maladies in addition to their nutritional worth. According to a phytochemical study, Fruits contain substances with various health benefits, including anthocyanins, phenols, sterols, carotenoids, procyonids, and flavonoids. Studies in medicine have revealed results that palm fruits have no radical scavenging, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, anti-cancer, and immunostimulant properties are present in palm fruits. The pharmacological characteristics of palm fruits and seeds and their significance in the Quran, Hadith, and Islamic literature are confirmed by this study's thorough research of phytochemistry. According to temperament, experimental curative results are improved. Advance medicinal results are shown in which temperament palm fruit is curative and when it has side effects study case is improved in the view of Islamic literature Quran Hadith and medical science

Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Member of OIC Countries

This study examines the causal relationship between economic growth, renewable energy consumption and oil prices using the data of 29 OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation) countries. The data are taken from 1990 to 2014. The study applies panel co-integration and causality in order to evaluate the long run and the causal relationship between the variables. Additionally, the empirical results suggest the existence of co-integration between the variables. The impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth is positive and significant. The panel granger causality reveals the unidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption, oil prices and economic growth

Socio-Economic Determinants of Crime: An Empirical Study of Pakistan

The objective of present study is to empirically examine the socio-economic determinants of crime in Pakistan. The analysis is carried out by using the annual time series data for the period 1973-2014. The dependent variable is total crime rate (per one million population), While the explanatory variables are unemployment, education, income inequality, per capita income, and deterrence variable. The study estimates, the long-run and short-run elasticities of supply of offense function by using ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag model) approach. Keywords: Deterrence, time series, Crime rate, Property crime, Violent Crime JEL classifications: I24, N3, P4

Relationships between economic complexity, renewable energy uptake and environmental degradation: A global study

A persistent rise in the emission of CO2 among several economies in the world makes it challenging to fulfil the aims of the Sustainable Development Goals. The present study empirically examines the connection between economic complexity, which is understood to be structural conversion headed for more refined information-based production, renewable energy demand, per capita income, trade openness, industrialisation, and CO2 emissions among income-based groups of nations from 1998–2021. It also incorporates partner economies of the One Belt One Road (OBOR) project because these cover 65% of the global population. The findings of the panel autoregressive distributed lag model confirms that virtually all of the chosen samples of the various economies, aside from high-income economies, show that economic complexity degrades the environment. On the other hand, the demand for renewable energy enhances global environmental quality. The study highlights the significance of clean energy ventures and the production of greener quality products globally to minimise environmental damage

The Relationship between Poverty, Income Inequality and Unemployment: Evidence from ARDL and Bound Testing Approach

The paper explores the impact of development expenditure, military expenditure, debt, political stability, foreign direct investment and inflation on poverty, income inequality and unemployment in the context of Pakistan. Time series uninterrupted data is used for the period 1980 to 2014. Income inequality is havoc by which income gap increases between rich and poor of society. Pakistan has an alarming situation of income inequality, poverty and unemployment rate as compared to other developing nations. The empirical findings confirm that increase in development expenditure causes a decrease in poverty and unemployment but inequality increases due to capitalism. There is a negative relationship between military expenditure inequality and unemployment. Foreign direct investment decreases inequality and unemployment. Results also show that political stability is responsible for increasing poverty and unemployment

The Relationship between Poverty, Income Inequality and Unemployment: Evidence from ARDL and Bound Testing Approach

The paper explores the impact of development expenditure, military expenditure, debt, political stability, foreign direct investment and inflation on poverty, income inequality and unemployment in the context of Pakistan. Time series uninterrupted data is used for the period 1980 to 2014. Income inequality is havoc by which income gap increases between rich and poor of society. Pakistan has an alarming situation of income inequality, poverty and unemployment rate as compared to other developing nations. The empirical findings confirm that increase in development expenditure causes a decrease in poverty and unemployment but inequality increases due to capitalism. There is a negative relationship between military expenditure inequality and unemployment. Foreign direct investment decreases inequality and unemployment. Results also show that political stability is responsible for increasing poverty and unemployment