Pengaruh tingkat kontaminasi permukaan terhadap faktor pindah pada metode tes usap

ABSTRACT Monitoring of surface radioactive contamination levels (CL) using a smear test method on a nuclear facility, requires the data of the removal factor (RF) from the surface to the smear paper. If the RF is not always constant, the data of the CL from the smear test method will be wrong. The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of contamination levels on RF values. This research is done by contaminating a P-32 contaminant solution over a 10 x 10 cm2 area of a porcelin surface, and dropping the contaminant of the same amount directly to a plancet as a standard. The smear test is done by wiping a smear paper with circular motion on the contaminated porcelin. The radioactive contaminant attached on the smear paper and the standard are counted by the Geiger Muller detector-. The RF is counted from the ratio between the smear paper counts and the standard counts. On surfaces which have a low total contamination level, or are contaminated with only a P-32 solution, that are not contaminated with other non active chemical substances, for the surface contamination level (CL) = 0,0126.10-3 ,uCi/cm2 to 15,222.10.3 pCi/cm2, RF values range from 20,37% to 36,48%, which are not influenced by the surface contamination level. On the surface with a very low radioactive contamination level that is 0,0056.103 pCi/cm2, RF values are very high. They range from 33,37% to 55,20%, with an average value of 45,7%. On surfaces which have a high total contamination levels, or are contaminated with other non active materials besides the P-32 solution (NaCL in this research), for CL = 5.10-4 gram/cm2 RF = 26,89%-28,42%, for CL = 2.10-3 gram/cm2 RF = 24,65%-29,97%, and for the higher CL = 3.10-3 gram/cm2, RF values decrease to 11,91%- 15,98%

PENGARUH RADIASI MESIN BERKAS ELEKTRON PADA PENGURANGAN KONSENTRASI ZAT WARNA LIMBAH BATIK

This research was done to analyze the effect of radiation dose of electron beam radiation to the concentration reduction of naphtol soga dyes waste which result from process coloration of batik cloth pH = 5,5. Irradiation had been done to napthol soga waste which result from process coloration in Plentong batik industry, at various initial pH 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and various radiation dose 15, 25, and 35 kGy. The changes of concentration were analyzed by Hitachi U-2000 spectrophotometer UV-Vis, which measured UV-Vis absorption by waste solution at 319 nm and 382 nm wavelength and HPLC was used to get degradation product of radiation. The results showed that on radiation dose range 15 kGy to 35 kGy, the higher radiation dose absorbed by naphtol soga waste solution, the higher reduction of naphtol soga waste concentration. One of radiolysis products of naphtol soga waste solution was oxalate acid with concentration 0,017 % to 0,020 % on radiation dose range 15 kGy to 35 kGy. The higher radiation dose, the lower BOD and COD contents of naphtol saga waste solution. The optimum radiation dose was 35 kGy which reduced of naphtol saga waste solution concentration (91,25±2,24) % at pH 7, reduced BOD content 63% and COD content 52%

Analisis Koefisien Dispersi Dan Retardasi Fosfat Pada Tanah Di Sekitar Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Limbah Domestik Menggunakan Perunut 32p (Analysis Of Phosphate Dispersion And Retardation ...

ABSTRAK The domestic waste of a final disposal content more of 30% of phosphate. Diluted phosphate in water can be transported, dispersed and spread into environment. Phenomenon of phosphate mass transport diluted in water especially dispersion and retardation coefficient need to be analysed to recognize the migration pattern. Dispersion and retardation coefficient can be determined experimentally in laboratory using radioactive tracer. Physical modelling was done to obtained phosphate concentration data at different times and distances. Phosphate concentration data obtained from physical model were used to verify mathematical model to obtain dispersion and retardation coefficient by Hooke Jeeves numerical optimation method according to the partial differential equation that was approximated by minimize of sum of squares of error A Research of phosphate mass transfer phenomenon, physically and mathematically, have been done. The NaH2PO4.2H20 was mixed with soil from the domestic waste a final disposal. Water fed to this soil-then diluted phospate fed to soil box that has porosity 0,3030 with flow rate 56,5 ml/min. The Phosphate level were determined on 0, 35, 70, 105 and 140 cm at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 180 and 210 minutes. Phosphate level decreased according to position. Computer program were running well and resulted 0,011 cm2/min for dispersion coefficient and 56 for retardation with 3.9114E-04 Sum of Squares of Error (SSE) or 38 % for average relative error. Keywords : Mass Transfer, Dispersion Coefficient, Retardation Coefficient, Radioactive Trace

Studi Karakterisasi Migrasi Fosfat Lumpur Ipal YOGYAKARTA Dalam Tanah Menggunakan Perunut 32p

IPAL Yogyakarta mud contains high concentration of phosphate that can polute groundwater. To study phosphate migration with matematical model needs the data of soil properties and phosphate migration characterization in that soil. The phosphate migration characterization is determine in laboratorium scale using soil colomn nethod. The soil that are used in this research are soil at IPAL location (IPAL soil) and soil at soil at Physics Engineering Department GMU (PE soil). The tracer that is used is 32P radioisotop dan the detector is Geiger Muller detector. For IPAL soil the soil mass is 20 g, soil length is 2,1 cm, water height is 20 cm, and the flow rate of water 0,0038 cm3/s. For PE soil the soil mass is 25 g, soil length is 2,2cm, water height is 20 cm, and the flow rate of water are 0,0275 cm3/s and 0,0071 cm3/s.The result shows that IPAL soil is clay class soil and PE soil is sand class soil. The IPAL soil porosity is 0,2997 and PE soil is 0,303. IPAL soil permeability is 5,6984x10-5 cm/s and the average velosity is 1,79x10-4 cm/s. On PE soil for the flow rate of 0,0275 cm3/s the soil permeability is 4,338x10-4 cm/s, average velocity is 1,2818x10-2 cm/s, distribution coefficien is 0,88 ml/g, dispertion coefficien is 8,0971x10-3 cm2/s, phosphate migration velocity is 3,6429x10-3 cm/s, and the retardation factor is 3,5186. For the flow rate of 0,0071 cm3/s the soil permeability is 1,110x10-4 cm/s, average velocity is 3,322x10-3 cm/s, distribution coefficien is 1,345 ml/g, dispertion coefficien is 2,5339x10-3 cm2/s, phosphate migration velocity is 9,8888x10-4 cm/s, and the retardation factor is 3,3594. For the higher of flow rate the migration is higher. IPAL soil has capability to hold polutans

UJI KINERJA TAHAP AWAL SISTEM PROMPT GAMMA NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS (PGNAA) MENGGUNAKAN SUMBER NEUTRON PuBe UNTUK UJI KUALITAS SEMEN

UJI KINERJA TAHAP AWAL SISTEM PROMPT GAMMA NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS (PGNAA) MENGGUNAKAN SUMBER NEUTRON PuBe UNTUK UJI KUALITAS SEMEN. Perancangan dan uji kinerja sistem Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) dengan sumber neutron isotopik PuBe untuk pengujian bulk sample belum pernah dilakukan pada fasilitas iradiasi reaktor riset Kartini. Konsep dasar analisis aktivasi neutron (AAN) adalah reaksi tangkapan neutron termal yang berasal dari interaksi antara neutron dengan inti/materi. Untuk mencapai keadaan yang stabil, inti selanjutnya akan memancarkan sinar gamma dengan energi yang spesifik. Sinar gamma pada teknik PGNAA diukur selama neutron mengiradiasi sampel. Sebelum digunakan untuk uji kinerja teknik PGNAA, dilakukan analisis nilai fluks neutron sumber neutron isotopik PuBe yang berada dalam fasilitas iradiasi bulk shielding pool. Nilai fluks neutron termal terukur dari sumber neutron PuBe pada jarak 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, dan 20 cm di dalam media air berturut-turut adalah 1,3676 x 104 n cm-2 s-1; 6,832 x 103 n cm-2 s-1; 1,922x 103 n cm-2 s-1; dan 1,4678 x 103 n cm-2 s-1. Hasil pengukuran tersebut digunakan sebagai pertimbangan dalam pengukuran dosis pada sistem PGNAA yang dirancang. Sistem PGNAA dengan sumber neutron isotopik PuBe pada fasilitas Reaktor Kartini dapat mengaktivasi sampel semen dengan cukup baik. Sampel yang diaktivasi dideteksi dengan detektor NaI(Tl). Hasil uji coba menggunakan sampel semen yang diaktivasi terdeteksi 4 puncak energi. Terdapat 2 puncak yang diindikasi sebagai unsur mayor pada sampel semen yaitu unsur 59Fe dan 28Al. Pada puncak energi ketiga diindikasi terdapat 2 unsur minor sampel semen yaitu  63Zn dan 25Na. Puncak energi keempat diindikasi sebagai unsur minor pada sampel semen yaitu unsur 56Mn

Analisis Pengaruh Usia Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Hemoglobin Akibat Dosis Radiasi 2000 cGy pada Kasus Terapi Ca Nasopharynx dan Ca Cervix Menggunakan Radiasi Eksternal di RSUP dr. Sardjito

Hasil pengukuran kadar Hemoglobin darah sebelum dan sesudah terapi radiasi ca nasopharynx dan ca cervix dengan dosis terapi radiasi 2000 cGy menunjukkan penurunan yang berarti. Kadar Hb pada saat terapi penting untuk dikontrol karena penurunan kadar hemoglobin dapat menyebabkan anemi pada pasien dan dapat menurunkan optimalisasi radioterapi. Perubahan kadar Hb darah setiap pasien berbeda-beda setelah menerima dosis radiasi yang sama pada rentang umur tertentu. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya korelasi antara perubahan kadar Hb darah dengan variasi umur pasien yang mendapatkan dosis terapi radiasi 2000 cGy pada pasien ca nasopharynx dan ca cervix.  Penelitian dilakukan untuk mendapatkan korelasi tersebut dengan menganalisis data hasil pengukuran kadar Hb 60 pasien terapi radiasi ca nasopharynx dan ca cervix. Pada pasien ca nasopharynx, kadar penurunan terbesar terjadi pada rentang umur >66 tahun yaitu 2,56 g/dL atau 20,16%, sedangkan penurunan kadar Hb terkecil terdapat pada rentang umur 66 tahun yaitu 1,8 g/dL atau 15,384%, sedangkan pada rentang umur <36 tahun mempunyai perubahan kadar Hb darah terkecil yaitu 0,46 g/dL atau 3,533%. Korelasi antara usia dengan perubahan kadar Hb darah yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah semakin tua usia pasien maka perubahan kadar Hb darah semakin besar. Selain itu, secara garis besar pada rentang umur yang sama, mekanisme recovery jaringan pada kasus ca nasopharynx lebih lambat sehingga persentase perubahan kadar Hb darah pasien ca nasopharynx lebih besar daripada ca cervix

Validasi Metode Penentuan Cs137 dan K40 dalam Sampel Lingkungan dengan Spektrometri Gamma Berdasarkan ISO 17025

Validasi metode penentuan Cs137 dan K40 dalam sampel lingkungan dengan spektrometri gamma dilakukan untuk membuktikan bahwa parameter tersebut memenuhi persyaratan untuk penggunaannya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengacu pada ISO 17025 yaitu dengan menggunakan cara :kalibrasi, quality control, validasi metode, ketidakpastian, dan perbandingan antar laboratorium. Berdasarkan data penelitian maka diperoleh :kalibrasi energi: R2=1 (linier), kalibrasi efisiensi : semakin berat sampel semakin menurun efisiesinya, resolusi : 1,786 (1,17 MeV) dan 1,775 (1,33 MeV), sensitifitas : 0,117, peak to compton : 43,222, Selektivitas : Cs137 = 0,4 keV danK40 = 0,9 keV, Presisi : Cs137 = 7 data acceptence limit dan 1 data warning limit sedangkan K40 = 7 data acceptence limit dan 1 data warning lmit, akurasi : Cs137 = 7 data Uscore>1 = bias dan Zscore 1 = bias dan Zscore <2 = Satisfactory), linearitas : Cs137 diperoleh R2  = 0.994 dan K40 diperoleh R2 = 0,909, LoD (Bq) dan LoQ (Bq/kg) : berubah bergantung terhadap efisiensi, ketangguhan : terdapat tegangan drop dan tidak stabil. Ketidakpastian spektrometri gamma, kalibrasi efisiensi memberikan sumbangsih terbesar dalam ketidakpastian spektrometri gamma pada penelitian iniparameter akurasi perlu ditindaklanjuti dalam perbedaan hasil dalam interkomparasi laboratorium. Berdasarkan parameter-parameter di atas maka Laboratorium Lingkungan Latar Rendah PTAPB BATAN dinyatakan valid secara metode, namun memiliki catatan pada data yang bias

Developing Nuclear Security Capacity of Indonesia’s Police and Security Officer: Lessons from Universitas Gadjah Mada’s Pilot Training

Due to an increase in global nuclear security issues, there need to be improvements in human resources and security measures. The Republic of Indonesia is an archipelago country, which makes surveilling for nuclear security threats complicated. Recent radioactive material smuggling incidents proved that Indonesian police and security officers’ knowledge in nuclear security has been challenged and must be improved. In response, Universitas Gadjah Mada’s Nuclear Engineering Program composed a three-day pilot training program for local police and UGM\u27s security officers in 2018. The objective of the training was to improve their capabilities in dealing with nuclear security issues around where they work and serve. Training materials were designed to introduce nuclear technology and provide the basic skills of handling nuclear security matters. The training was divided into 12 sessions, based on the needs stated by the Special Region of Yogyakarta\u27s police chief. Lessons were delivered through traditional teaching, table-top exercises, exercises, and discussion. Fifteen-question pre-tests and post-tests were conducted to assess the officers’ knowledge of the training materials and the benefits of being trained. Based on the tests, we concluded that the participants’ understanding of nuclear security had improved. This increase in understanding was because the training materials fit their job needs, presented in various methods, and the participants’ awareness grew. It led to an increase in their awareness for securing the facilities utilizing radioactive sources in the Yogyakarta area. They said that the number of trainees in this event still does not meet the number of facilities that have to be secured. Therefore, the training should be carried out again and can be improved based on the participants\u27 feedback. Furthermore, this training could be expanded and applied to the whole country

ANALISIS PENGARUH USIA TERHADAP PENURUNAN HEMOGLOBIN AKIBAT DOSIS RADIASI 2000 cGY PADA KASUS TERAPI CA NASOPHARYNX DAN CA CERVIX MENGGUNAKAN RADIASI EKSTERNAL DI RSUP DR. SARDJITO

The results of hemoglobin level before and after radiation of ca nasopharynx and ca cervix therapy with doses 2000 cGy showed the significant differences. Hb levels during therapy is important to be controlled because it can cause the decreace of hemoglobin levels in anemic patients and loss the optimization of radiotherapy. The changes of hemoglobin levels in every patient is different after getting the same dose of radiation at certain range of age. This suggests a correlation between the changes of hemoglobin level with age variation. The study has done by analyzing 60 data of hemogobin in radiation therapy of ca nasopharynx patient and 60 data of hemogobin in radiation therapy of ca cervix patient. In patients with ca nasopharynx, the biggest decrease levels occurred in range of >66 year which is 2.56 g/dL or 20.16%, while the smallest decrease in Hb levels are in the range of age 66 year which is 1.8 g/dL or 15.384%, while the smallest change in range <36 year which is 0.46 g/dL or 3.533%. Generally, within the same age range, the mechanism of tissue recovery in ca nasopharynx patient is slower than in ca cervix patient so the percentage change in hemoglobin level of ca nasopharynx is bigger than ca cervix. The correlations from this experiment is the older patient make the greater changes of hemoglobin level. Keywords : hemoglobin, ca nasopharynx, ca cervi