Bilateral duplicated crura of the thoracoabdominal diaphragm

Usually, the right crus of the diaphragm attach onto the upper and the left crus onto the upper two lumbar vertebrae. In the present case, bilateral duplication of the diaphragmatic crura was noted. The right crus duplicated into right medial crus which had the usual attachment and right lateral crus that attached to the fifth lumbar vertebra. The left crus also duplicated into left medial crus which had the usual attachment and left lateral crus that attached to the fifth lumbar vertebra. A retrocrural space separated the two duplications. A thorough knowledge of crural variations is necessary for the surgeons during surgical interventions

Self-Compassion, emotion regulation and stress among australian psychologists: Testing an emotion regulation model of self-compassion using structural equation modeling

Psychologists tend to report high levels of occupational stress, with serious implications for themselves, their clients, and the discipline as a whole. Recent research suggests that selfcompassion is a promising construct for psychologists in terms of its ability to promote psychological wellbeing and resilience to stress; however, the potential benefits of self-compassion are yet to be thoroughly explored amongst this occupational group. Additionally, while a growing body of research supports self-compassion as a key predictor of psychopathology, understanding of the processes by which self-compassion exerts effects on mental health outcomes is limited. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test an emotion regulation model of self-compassion and stress among psychologists, including postgraduate trainees undertaking clinical work (n = 198). Self-compassion significantly negatively predicted emotion regulation difficulties and stress symptoms. Support was also found for our preliminary explanatory model of self-compassion, which demonstrates the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties in the self-compassion-stress relationship. The final self-compassion model accounted for 26.2% of variance in stress symptoms. Implications of the findings and limitations of the study are discussed

Morphometry and Morphology of Extracranial Part of Facial Nerve – A Cadaveric Study

Introduction: Identification of the extracranial part of facial nerve with respect to bony landmarks is important to avoid injury to it. Purpose: To measure the length of the facial nerve trunk and its divisions and to measure the distance of the nerve trunk with the mastoid process and atlas. The variations in the divisions and branches were also noted. Methods: Twenty hemi-faces were dissected. The facial nerve was identified at the stylomastoid foramen and dissected meticulously through the parotid gland. The divisions and branches were identified and traced. The trunk was measured from the stylomastoid foramen to its point of bifurcation. The length of the two divisions were measured up to their branching. The distance from the nerve trunk to the mastoid process and atlas were measured. Results: Mean length of facial nerve trunk in centimetres was 1.380±0.082, length of upper division was 0.820±0.108 and length of lower division was 0.890±0.090. The mean distance in centimetres between the facial nerve trunk and mastoid process tip was 1.300±0.089 and the distance between facial nerve trunk and transverse process of atlas was 1.645±0.108. Conclusion: The above data may help in minimising injury to the facial nerve

Variant Musculo-tendinous Slip between Teres major and Triceps brachii

A variation of the muscles of the scapular region is a very rare finding. During the routine dissection for the undergraduates, a variant short musculo-tendinous slip in between the teres major and the long head of triceps brachii muscles was seen. This slip could cause compression of the underlying brachial vessels and the cords of brachial plexus. Therefore this type of variation is worthy of being noted by the surgeons

ansa cervicalis: anatomical variation

The ansa cervicalis is a loop of nerves that is usually formed by the union of ventral rami of spinal nerves C1, C2, and C3. It is located in the carotid triangle of the neck, lying superficial to the carotid sheath. During routine dissection, unilateral variation of the ansa cervicalis was observed. The superior root, arising from hypoglossal nerve, was initially bifurcated and later united to form a single superior root. IN addition, the inferior root consisted of fibres arising from the spinal accessory nerve, C1, C2 and C3 spinal nerves that joined separately. Fibres from the spinal accessory and C1 joined to form a single root. Thus, a ‘triple form’ of ansa cervicalis was observed. An interconnection was observed between the C2 and C3 fibres. Knowledge of such anatomical variations is important for surgery, clinical intervention or trauma involving the carotid triangle or the structures within or deep to this region

Acute flaccid paralysis in Australian children

Objectives: To describe the epidemiology and causes of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Australian children, and the clinical features of the two most common causes of AFP, Guillain-Barré syndrome and transverse myelitis. Methods: Monthly active surveil

Evaluation of disulfide reduction during receptor-mediated endocytosis by using FRET imaging

Despite functional evidence for disulfide bond-reducing activity in endosomal compartments, the mechanistic details pertaining to such process (e.g., kinetics and sites of disulfide reduction) remain largely controversial. To address these questions directly, we have synthesized a previously uncharacterized fluorescent folate conjugate, folate-(BODIPY FL)-SS-rhodamine (folate-FRET), that changes fluorescence from red to green upon disulfide bond reduction. Using this construct, we have observed that disulfide reduction: (i) occurs with a half-time of 6 h after folate-FRET endocytosis, (ii) begins in endosomes and does not depend significantly on redox machinery located on the cell surface or within the lysosome or the Golgi apparatus, (iii) occurs independently of endocytic vesicle trafficking along microtubules, and (iv) yields products that are subsequently sorted into distinct endosomes and trafficked in different directions. Finally, colocalization of folate and transferrin receptors suggest that conclusions derived from this study may apply to other endocytic pathways