Implementação de uma unidade industrial para produção de requeijão com doce de abóbora

Este trabalho consiste na apresentação de um projeto, elaborado no âmbito académico da disciplina de Equipamentos e Instalações Industriais do curso de Engenharia Alimentar da Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, que visa a implementação de uma unidade para produção de Requeijão com Doce de Abóbora. Inicialmente faz-se um breve enquadramento e descrição do processo que vai ser utilizado para a produção industrial. Depois apresentam-se alguns aspetos relacionados com a empresa o respetivos recursos humanos, seguindo-se-lhe a parte técnica que compreende as componentes de elaboração de balanços mássicos e diagramas de fabrico, equipamentos, layout e plantas e considerações relativas aos resíduos e/ou efluentes. Por fim é feita uma avaliação de viabilidade, baseada numa análise económica simplificada

First record of the family Cithaeronidae Simon (Arachnida, Araneae) from Cuba, in the Caribbean Region

The species Cithaeron praedonius O. P.-Cambridge is recorded from eastern Cuba. This is the first record of the family Cithaeronidae in the Caribbean Region. The presence in Cuba of this species is an accidental introduction, but its source is unknown

New combination and redescription of Bumba humile, description of four new species and new records from Brazil (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae)

The taxonomic history of Bumba Pérez-Miles, Bonaldo & Miglio, 2014 is mainly based on the inclusion of the new species. Bumba have been characterized by the type IV urticating setae present, retrolateral process on male palpal tibia, palpal bulb resting in a ventral distal excavation of palpal tibia, metatarsus I passes between the two branches of tibial apophysis when flexed, presence of spiniform setae on prolateral and retrolateral sides of maxillae and coxae I-IV. In this paper we include the row of teeth (denticulate row) in the median region of the inferior prolateral keel in all male palps. This structure range from a residual tooth to a ridge of up to five teeth. Both, the denticulate row and the retrolateral process on male palpal tibia in males could be considered as putative synapomorphies for Bumba. Here, Homoeomma humile Vellard, 1924 is transferred to Bumba and redescribed, while the female is described for the first time. Bumba cabocla (Pérez-Miles, 2000) is synonymyzed with B. horrida (Schmidt, 1994). Bumba pulcherrimaklaasi (Schmidt, 1991) is transferred to Cyclosternum Ausserer, 1871. Four new species are described and illustrated: Bumba tapajos sp. nov. from state of Pará, Bumba cuiaba sp. nov. and Bumba rondonia sp. nov., both from states of Rondônia and Mato Grosso, respectively, and Bumba mineiros sp. nov. from Paraguay and the Brazilian states of Goiás, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul. Diagnosis of B. horrida and B. lennoni are extended and figures of this species are presented

Spider assemblage (Arachnida: Araneae) associated with canopies of Vochysia divergens (Vochysiaceae) in the northern region of the Brazilian Pantanal

ABSTRACT This study describes the composition and temporal variation of the spider assemblage (Arachnida: Araneae) associated with canopies of Vochysia divergens Pohl. (Vochysiaceae) in the northern region of the Brazilian Pantanal. Three V. divergens plants were sampled in 2004, at each seasonal period of the northern Pantanal (high water, receding water, dry season and rising water), using thermonebulization of the canopies with insecticide, totaling 396 m2 of sampled canopies. Analysis of abundance and richness of spider families were based on Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Variance Analysis (ANOVA and MANOVA). A total of 7,193 spiders were collected (6,330 immatures; 88.0%; 863 adults, 12.0%) distributed in 30 families. Araneidae (1,676 individuals), Anyphaenidae (1,631 individuals), Salticidae (1,542 individuals) and Pisauridae (906 individuals), were predominant, representing 80.0% of the sample. Ten different guilds were registered: aerial hunters, orb-weavers, nocturnal aerial runners and diurnal space web weavers dominated, sharing most ecological niches. The spider assemblage is affected by changes in the habitat structure, especially by the seasonal hydrological regime and variations in the phenology of V. divergens . The assemblage is composed of different groups of spiders. The dominant taxa and behavioral guilds differ in the different seasonal periods. Spiders were more abundant during the dry and rising water seasons, most likely reflecting a greater supply of potential prey, associated with new foliage and flowering at the canopy. The displacement of soil dwelling spiders to the trunks and canopies before and during the seasonal floods can change the structure and composition of the canopy assemblages. Oonopidae, Gnaphosidae and Caponiidae, were more frequent during the rising and high water seasons, which indicates that these taxa use the canopies of V. divergens as a refuge during the seasonal flooding in the Pantanal

Speciation without changes in genital shape: a case study on Brazilian pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae

Abstract Speciation in arthropods is usually coupled with marked changes in genital morphology, which explains the usefulness of genitalia in distinguishing closely related species. The present paper describes specimens that are assigned to separate species based on extreme size differences and colour pattern differences, but the shape of the genitalia is essentially identical. We argue that such cryptic species may be more common than currently assumed, but if marked morphological (non-genital) differences are missing, traditional taxonomic methodology is biased against discovering them. The two new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest are tentatively assigned to the genus Psilochorus: Psilochorus itaguyrussu n. sp. and Psilochorus ybytyriguara n. sp

Abundância de três espécies de aranhas (Araneae) em ecossistemas nativos e manejados no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

We assessed the abundance patterns of three theridiid species: Hetschkia gracilis (Keyserling 1886); Phycosoma altum (Keyserling 1886); and Thwaitesia affinis O.P.-Cambridge, 1882 in four habitats: Araucaria Forest (native forest) and plantations of A. angustifolia, Pinus spp., and Eucalyptus spp. in Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula Reserve, southern Brazil. The plantation stands in the study system are managed by the selective cutting of adult trees, allowing longer rotation intervals. We collected spiders in 2003 and 2004 by beating the vegetation inside three replicates of each forest type. We performed a permanova to test whether there were differences on species abundances between habitats. We tested the influence of the stand sizes, distance between stands, and vegetation cover composition on each spider species abundance. Stands with higher vegetation cover of bushes and vines presented higher abundances of Hetschkia gracilis and Thwaitesia affinis. Phycosoma altum abundance did not respond to any explanatory variables. Results highlighted the importance of alternative management of plantation stands to enhance and maintain the understory vegetation diversity, which in turn support the spider populations.Key words: Araucaria Forest, Habitat structure, Pinus plantation, Eucalyptus plantation, Forest management.Os padrões de abundância de três espécies de Theridiidae - Hetschkia gracilis, Phycosoma altum e Thwaitesia affinis foram analisados em quatro habitats florestais: Floresta com Araucária, plantação de Araucária, plantação de Pinus e plantação de Eucalyptus na Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, sul do Brasil. O manejo florestal aplicado na área de estudo consiste no corte seletivo e no longo período de rotação. As coletas foram realizadas com guarda-chuva entomológico entre 2003 e 2004 em três repetições de cada tipo florestal. Diferenças nas abundâncias entre os habitats foram avaliadas através de permanova. Para testar a influência do tamanho dos talhões, da distância entre eles e da composição da cobertura vegetal sobre as abundâncias das três espécies, utilizou-se regressão múltipla. As abundâncias de Hetschkia gracilis e de Thwaitesia affinis estiveram diretamente correlacionadas com a presença de lianas e arbustos, enquanto a de Phycosoma altum não respondeu a nenhuma variável explicativa. Os resultados realçam a importância do manejo alternativo realizado nesta Floresta Nacional para o incremento e a manutenção da diversidade da vegetação do sub-bosque, o que proporciona estrutura para sustentar as populações de aranhas.Palavras-chave: Floresta com Araucária, Estrutura de habitat, Plantação de Pinus, Plantação de Eucalyptus, Manejo florestal

Predatoroonops.

68 p. : ill., maps ; 26 cm.The new endemic goblin spider genus Predatoroonops is erected for 17 new soft-bodied oonopid species from Brazil: Predatoroonops schwarzeneggeri, sp. nov., is the type species of the genus, P. poncho, sp. nov., P. billy, sp. nov., P. valverde, sp. nov., P. blain, sp. nov., P. maceliot, sp. nov., P. anna, sp. nov., P. rickhawkins, sp. nov., P. dutch, sp. nov., P. dillon, sp. nov., P. vallarta, sp. nov., P. phillips, sp. nov., P. yautja, sp. nov., P. peterharlli, sp. nov., P. mctiernani, sp. nov., P. chicano, sp. nov., and P. olddemon, sp. nov. Males of this new genus are easily diagnosed and separated from other Oonopinae genera by the extremely modified male chelicerae that frontally have median furrows and accentuated projections. The females can be recognized by the genitalia, which have a conspicuous posterior receptaculum, usually exposed between the epigastric folds. An auxiliary character for both sexes could be the presence of very long pairs of ventral spines with pronounced bases on the legs I and II tibiae and metatarsi. The genus is considered endemic and the species are recorded mainly from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. An identification key is provided for all Predatoroonops species known to date

Guaraguaoonops.

13 p. : ill., map ; 26 cm.A new endemic goblin spider genus Guaraguaoonops is erected to include two new soft-bodied oonopid species from Brazil: the type species, G. hemhem, distributed in the states of Maranhão, Piauí, and Ceará, and G. humbom, known only from Piauí. These spiders are unique among oonopids and easily diagnosed by the flattened carapace with a porrect clypeus, modified lateral setae on the carapace in both sexes, and male with a sinuous, flattened distal cheliceral projection and palp with ventral conical tegular projection. These species probably occupy a soil cryptic habit and are found in dry sand of "cerrado" areas in northeastern Brazil

Avaliação de duas técnicas de translocação de serrapilheira sobre as assembleias de aranhas (Arachnida: Araneae) e formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Due to the current rhythm of ecosystem destruction, the development of new techniques aiming at the conservation of forest remnants and their biota is urgent. Our objective was to compare two techniques of leaf-litter translocation (with and without  withdrawing the pre-extent litter layer), through observations on spider and ant richness and assemblage composition, in order to define the best way to perform translocation. The study was carried out in two Brazilian Atlantic rain forest remnants  (called releaser and receptor fragments) in Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil. A comparison between the faunas of both fragments was performed before translocation and a significant difference was found both in their richness and composition, which is an essential condition to carry out the experiment. A small scale environmental characterization] was made in order to choose similar units capable of  minimizing the stress on leaf-litter organisms living there. Both for spiders and ants, the species richness increased in units that received leaf-litter and it was higherfor spiders in units where the pre-extent litter had not been removed. For the ants, the two forms of translocation seem to be efficient. Nevertheless, taking into account the two groups of organisms, it is suggested that the translocation must be done maintaining the pre-extent leaf-litter.Key words: conservation, litter, fauna manipulation, spiders, ants.Com o ritmo atual de destruição dos ecossistemas surge a necessidade de se investir em técnicas que visem à conservação dos remanescentes florestais e das suas espécies. Nosso objetivo foi comparar duas técnicas para translocação da serrapilheira (com e sem a retirada da camada de serrapilheira preexistente), observando como varia a riqueza e composição de aranhas e formigas no local da translocação, a fim de definir a melhor forma de realizá-la. O estudo foi realizado em dois remanescentes de Mata Atlântica (fragmento doador e receptor) localizados em Salvador (BA). Antes da translocação foi realizada uma comparação de ambas as faunas, entre os fragmentos, e foi  encontrada diferença significativa tanto na riqueza quanto na composição. Assim pôde-se realizar o experimento. Para tanto, foi realizada a  caracterização ambiental a fim de translocar a serrapilheira para as unidades mais similares na  tentativa de minimizar o estresse dos organismos. A riqueza em espécies tanto de aranhas quanto de  formigas aumentou nas unidades que receberam a serrapilheira, sendo para aranhas mais elevada nas unidades onde não foi retirada a serrapilheira preexistente. Já para as formigas as duas formas parecem eficientes. Contudo, levando em consideração os dois grupos, propõe-se que a translocação deve ser feita mantendo a serrapilheira preexistente.Palavras-chave: conservação, serrapilheira, manipulação da fauna, aranhas, formigas