A quantitative-informational approach to logical consequence

In this work, we propose a definition of logical consequence based on the relation between the quantity of information present in a particular set of formulae and a particular formula. As a starting point, we use Shannon‟s quantitative notion of information, founded on the concepts of logarithmic function and probability value. We first consider some of the basic elements of an axiomatic probability theory, and then construct a probabilistic semantics for languages of classical propositional logic. We define the quantity of information for the formulae of these languages and introduce the concept of informational logical consequence, identifying some important results, among them: certain arguments that have traditionally been considered valid, such as modus ponens, are not valid from the informational perspective; the logic underlying informational logical consequence is not classical, and is at the least paraconsistent sensu lato; informational logical consequence is not a Tarskian logical consequence

Bone marrow histology

The bone marrow biopsy after the introduction of the Jamshidi needle has come into a routine practice due to the facilitation to obtain good sample. Due to the adequate size of the sample, the decalcification time decreased and consequently the histological quality improved allowing to the pathologist a more deep and precise morphological interpretation and diagnosis of the hematological and non- hematological disorders. For a correct diagnosis, the pathologist should be acquainted with the normal histology of the bone marrow parenchyma, it variations depending on age, as well as with the clinico- laboratorial data to integrate them with the morphological features.A biópsia de medula óssea, após a utilização da agulha de Jamshidi, tornou- se um evento de rotina em virtude da simplificação na obtenção do material. A adequação das dimensões da amostra e a diminuição do tempo de descalcificação melhoraram muito a qualidade histológica e possibilitaram ao patologista um aprofundamento da interpretação morfológica das doenças hematológicas e não hematológicas. Para um laudo correto é necessário o conhecimento do tecido hematopoético normal, suas diferentes linhagens celulares, variações dependentes da idade e integração com outros dados clínicos e laboratoriais.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) Departamento de PatologiaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de PatologiaSciEL

THE EFFECTS OF BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT AND RELATIONSHIP BUILDING ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

Effectively managing student behavior is a challenge for most schools. More often than not, students with behavior problems are repeat offenders. This study analyzed the effects of relationship building and positive behavior management on student academic achievement. Discipline referrals were used to measure student behavior. My study also demonstrated how teacher ideology effects student discipline referrals. The data demonstrated a strong connection between at-risk students’ attendance and their academic performance. The data also showed a minimal connection between at-risk students’ behavior and their academic performance

Transformation or Substitution? The Workers' Party and the Right in Northeast Brazil

One of the most significant recent changes in Brazilian politics is the inroads made by the Workers’ Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT) and other leftist parties into state and municipal governments in the country’s most conservative region, the Northeast. An important strand of literature argues that this is due to a transformative strategy anchored in institutional growth, which is based on opening local party directorates. In contrast, this analysis shows that the PT has made gains in the region by segmenting its strategy – that is, by focusing on two well-established political practices. First, the PT has leveraged executive office at higher levels of government (e.g., federal and state) in order to advance at lower levels (e.g., state and municipal). Second, it has constructed pragmatic alliances with opportunistic parties, thus revealing how the migration of opportunist politicians into allied parties allowed entrenched elites to remain in power. This suggests that the Left’s subnational advances are less transformative than they seem and could potentially harm democratic consolidation.Os avanços obtidos pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) e outros partidos da esquerda nos governos estaduais e municipais na região Nordeste são uma das principais mudanças na política brasileira recente. Uma literatura importante propõe que este fenômeno é resultado de uma estratégia transformativa, ancorada num crescimento institucional baseado na abertura de diretórios municipais. Em discordância, esta análise mostra que os ganhos do PT na região são frutos de uma segmentação de estratégias, na qual o partido obteve sucesso ao incorporar práticas regionais preestabelecidas. Primeiro, o PT alavancou o controle do poder executivo para avançar nos níveis inferiores (do governo federal aos estaduais e daí aos municipais). Segundo, o partido construiu alianças pragmáticas com partidos oportunistas. O foco nestas alianças revela como a migração de políticos oportunistas para partidos aliados permitiu que os mesmos se mantivessem no poder. Isto sugere que os avanços subnacionais da esquerda não são tão transformativos quanto parecem e podem ter efeitos negativos na consolidação democrática

Apresentação

It is a great pleasure to present the first special issue of 2023, the second focused on Eastern thought. Their articles deal with philosophical issues or ones of philosophical interest in this area of the planet or are developed by authors from that region dealing with philosophical subjects or humanities in general.It is a great pleasure to present the first special issue of 2023, the second focused on Eastern thought. Their articles deal with philosophical issues or ones of philosophical interest in this area of the planet or are developed by authors from that region dealing with philosophical subjects or humanities in general